Acceptors dissociative

An acid is a proton donor, dissociating in water to form hydrogen ions or protons, while a base is a proton acceptor, dissociating in water to form hydroxide ions. 

The proton transfer is successful when the proton is transferred to the proton acceptor (dissociation to the right) and unsuccessful if the proton remains with the proton donor (dissociation to the left) [24]. The overall forward rate constant for the proton transfer reaction is given by Equation 1.2 ... 

Towards a simple Lewis base, for example the proton, phosphine is a poorer electron donor than ammonia, the larger phosphorus atom being less able to form a stable covalent bond with the acceptor atom or molecule. Phosphine is, therefore, a much weaker base than ammonia and there is no series of phosphonium salts corresponding to the ammonium salts but phosphonium halides. PH4X (X = Cl, Br, I) can be prepared by the direct combination of phosphine with the appropriate hydrogen halide. These compounds are much more easily dissociated than ammonium halides, the most stable being the iodide, but even this dissociates at 333 K PH4I = PH3 -t- HI... 

A species that can serve as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor is called amphiprotic. Whether an amphiprotic species behaves as an acid or as a base depends on the equilibrium constants for the two competing reactions. For bicarbonate, the acid dissociation constant for reaction 6.8... 

The dissociation, or autoprotolysis constant for a solvent, SH, relates the concentration of the protonated solvent, SH2, to that of the deprotonated solvent, S . For amphoteric solvents, which can act as both proton donors and proton acceptors, the autoprotolysis reaction is... 

Hydrogen was recognized as the essential element in acids by H. Davy after his work on the hydrohalic acids, and theories of acids and bases have played an important role ever since. The electrolytic dissociation theory of S. A. Arrhenius and W. Ostwald in the 1880s, the introduction of the pH scale for hydrogen-ion concentrations by S. P. L. Sprensen in 1909, the theory of acid-base titrations and indicators, and J. N. Brdnsted s fruitful concept of acids and conjugate bases as proton donors and acceptors (1923) are other land marks (see p. 48). The di.scovery of ortho- and para-hydrogen in 1924, closely followed by the discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) and... 

The reaction is initiated by formation of a donor-acceptor complex 4 from acyl chloride 2, which is thereby activated, and the Lewis acid, e.g. aluminum trichloride. Complex 4 can dissociate into the acylium ion 5 and the aluminum tetrachloride anion 4 as well as 5 can act as an electrophile in a reaction with the aromatic substrate ... 

Significant stimulated emission is only found for the pristine side of the sample. From these results it was concluded that the photoinduccd absorption that suppresses die stimulated emission is directly or indirectly caused by the presence of oxygen-related defects. It was shown earlier that the effect of photooxidation on the emission properties of PPV can be explained by the formation of carbonyl-groups that act as sLrong electron acceptors leading to an efficient dissociation of the plioh excited slate 29). It can be concluded that the dissociated pair near the defcci leads to the strong photoinduccd absorption. The observation that... 

The UV spectra suggest that the equilibrium between the diazonium ion and the solvent, on the one hand, and an electron donor-acceptor complex (8.58) on the other, lies on the side of the complex. The latter may possibly exist also as a radical pair (8.60) or a covalent compound (8.59). Dissociation of this complex within a cage to form an aryl radical, a nitrogen molecule, and the radical cation of DMSO is slow and rate-determining. Fast subsequent steps lead to the products observed. 

Alkali promoters are often used for altering the catalytic activity and selectivity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the water-gas shift reaction, where C02 adsorption plays a significant role. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of alkalis on C02 adsorption and dissociation on Cu, Fe, Rh, Pd, A1 and Ag6,52 As expected, C02 always behaves as an electron acceptor. 

On K modified Ni(100) and Ni(lll)62,63 and Pt(lll)64 the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen is almost completely inhibited for potassium coverages above 0.1. This would imply that H behaves as an electron donor. On the other hand the peaks of the hydrogen TPD spectra shift to higher temperatures with increasing alkali coverage, as shown in Fig. 2.22a for K/Ni(lll), which would imply an electron acceptor behaviour for the chemisorbed H. Furthermore, as deduced from analysis of the TPD spectra, both the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy for desorption... 

Equations (3.16) and (3.17) describe the dissociative adsorption and, recombination of oxygen on a donor D. The transfer between the donor D and acceptor A is described by eq. (3.18). The spillover oxygen (O) is a mobile species which is present on the acceptor surface without being associated with a particular surface site. The mobile spillover species can interact with a particular surface site B forming an active site C (eq. 3.19). Eq. (3.20) represents the deactivation of the active site C by interaction with a reactant E. 

Radicals can be prepared from closed-shell systems by adding or removing one electron or by a dissociative fission. Generally speaking, the electron addition or abstraction can be performed with any system, the ionization potential and electron affinity being thermodynamic measures of the probability with which these processes should proceed. Thus, to accomplish this electron transfer, a sufficiently powerful electron donor or acceptor (low ionization potential and high electron affinity, respectively) is required. If the process does not proceed in the gas phase, a suitable solvent may succeed. 

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