Acceleration reduction

The ease of reduction of the Pu 4+ ions apparently can be affected by inclusion in the glass of additional additives. Whereas the addition of Ti02 apparently does not affect in-situ reduction, the addition of CaO, ZnO, or B2O3 appreciably accelerated reduction of the Pu 4+ ions. This effect is demonstrated with 4f core level spectra of glasses F, G, H, and I shown in Fig. 3. Each sample was subjected to the same X-ray exposure, i.e., the same number of scans at the same flux. 

Guerrier, P., J.P. Weber, R. Cote, M. Paul, and M. Rhainds. 1995. The accelerated reduction and elimination of toxics in Canada the case of mercury-containing medical instruments in Quebec hospital centres. 

Often Lewis acids are added to the system as a cocatalyst. It could be envisaged that Lewis acids enhance the cationic nature of the nickel species and increase the rate of reductive elimination. Indeed, the Lewis acidity mainly determines the activity of the catalyst. It may influence the regioselectivity of the catalyst in such a way as to give more linear product, but this seems not to be the case. Lewis acids are particularly important in the addition of the second molecule of HCN to molecules 2 and 4. Stoichiometrically, Lewis acids (boron compounds, triethyl aluminium) accelerate reductive elimination of RCN (R=CH2Si(CH3)3) from palladium complexes P2Pd(R)(CN) (P2= e g. dppp) [7], This may involve complexation of the Lewis acid to the cyanide anion, thus decreasing the electron density at the metal and accelerating the reductive elimination. 

SCHEME 5. Mechanism of electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide with a biosensor. Top Direct reduction with enzyme-modified CPE. Bottom Accelerated reduction with enzyme-modified CPE, incorporating a mediator M (e.g. 150). The potential is relative to SCSE... 

Barbry, D. and Torchy, S., Accelerated reduction of carbonyl compounds under microwave irradiation, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 2959-2960. 

In summary, there is evidence that the multitalented sulfur sensitization product can trap electrons, can trap holes to reduce recombination, can stabilize photolytic silver atoms, and can accelerate reduction sensitization. Conceivably, each of these properties could be of importance for latent image formation under at least some conditions. The silver sulfide centers are not of uniform size, they probably are not uniformly related energetically to the silver halide matrix, and they may differ in chemical consititution. 

Platinum is not only suitable for accelerating reduction processes, but is also an excellent catalyst when oxidation is effected by air or oxygen. Formaldehyde was first prepared by passing the vapour of methyl alcohol and air over a heated platinum spiral.15... 

The idea of obtaining double-layer capacity information may be fruitful. The capacitance of the double layer is dependent on adsorption of the analyte, and the strength and potential dependence of adsorption may indicate the presence of certain functional groups (10). ir-electron interaction between adsorbed molecules and the electrode surface has a characteristic influence on the adsorption behavior of organic substances (10), and specific interactions between the analyte and some other molecule or ion within the double layer may also be helpful in identification (11,12). Some adsorbed organics will inhibit the reduction of metal ions, while others, through the so called "cap-pair" effect will accelerate reductions (13). 

Note Sterically bulky ligands accelerate reductive elimination. 

Technological surge New technologies accelerate reductions in energy and carbon intensity, adaptive capacity high, impacts low, decrease in per capita C02 emissions 10... 

Water has been used to accelerate reductions, as in photochemical reduction of the ketone 28 (Figure 4.16) [51], Surfactants have also been shown to aid reactions in water, when sodium dodecyl sulfate was added, the ee rose from 61% to 94% in the preparation of 29 (Figure 4.16) [52]. 

Accelerated Reduction and Elimination of Toxics best available technology best available techniques Business in the Community Business in the Environment best practicable environmental option Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method... 

Intermolecular arylation of carbocyclic arenes are rare. Exceptionally, phenols are easily arylated. As treated in Chapter 3.7.4, the aryl ether 48 is formed by reaction of aryl halides with hydroquinone monomethyl ether when bulky and electron-rich phosphines are used, which accelerate reductive elimination. Miura and co-workers found new completely different reactions of phenol with bromobenzene by using Pd(OAc)2, PPhs and CS2CO3 to give the unexpected pentaphenylated product 49 in 58% yield [lb, 15]. 

It is commonly recognized that electron-rich phosphines facilitate oxidative addition of aryl chlorides and bromides, and bulky phosphines accelerate reductive elimination. From these considerations, P(r-Bu)3 is one of the best ligands. Bulky and electron-rich are key words in discovering good ligands for active catalysts. 

Ph3P)2lrCOCl Electron-attracting groups in conjugation with olefin accelerate reduction d... 

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