Academic system, American

Academic Press, London, 1975 (b) Holland, P.M. Rubingh, D.N., Eds., Mixed Surfactant Systems American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992 (c) Cramer, C.J. Truhlar, D.G., Eds., Structure and Reactivity in Aqueous Solution American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994 (d) Sabatini, D.A. Knox, R.C. Harwell, J.H., Eds. Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1995. 

Burris, V. (2004). The academic caste system Prestige hierarchies in Ph.D. exchange network. American Sociological Review, 69, 239—264. 

We gratefully acknowledge the Robert A. Welch Foundation (Grant number W-1552) for financial support of this work. BJA also thanks the Beckman Foundation for support during the 05-06 academic year. Acknowledgement is made to the donors of the American Chemical Society s Petroleum Research Fund supporting the CO oxidation reactor system construction. 

Michael J. Groves, a pharmacist with a doctorate in chemical engineering, has spent much of his career working in industry and academe. Now retired, his scientific interests include dispersed drug delivery systems and quality control issues for parenteral drug products. Editor or joint editor of a number of books, he has published 400 research papers, patents, reviews, and book reviews. He is a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, the Institute of Biology, and the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. 

Casida JE, Toia RF. Organophosphorus pesticides their target diversity and bioactivation. In Dekant W, Neumann HG, eds. Tissue Specific Toxicity Biochemical Mechanisms. London Academic Press, 1992. Coburn RF, Forman HJ. Carbon monoxide toxicity. In Fahri LE, Tenney SM, eds. Flandbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Section 3, Vol. IV, Bethesda, MD American Physiology Society, 1987. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG. Medical Toxicology, New York Elsevier, 1988. 

It was suggested that the reward system at academic institutions is much more tenuous. Louisiana State University has just graduated 12 African-American women with Ph.D.s, and this has made companies take notice. They are sending interviewers there, because there are people they want to hire. So there is a positive pull. 

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses are frequently mentioned in academic and policy-analysis circles. These notions center on careful examination of the costs and their corresponding outputs. Eisenberg defines cost-effectiveness analysis as the measure of the net cost of providing service (expenditures minus savings) as well as the results obtained (e.g., clinical results measured singly or a series of results measured on some scale). Cost-benefit analysis determines whether the cost is worth the benefits by measuring both in the same units. Such analyses will be critical, as future policy decisions are made with regard to the collection, allocation, and utilization of finite resources in the health care system for the enhancement of health status of the American people. 

Steam s work represented the most successful use in industry of spectrophotomet-ric curves for routine, reliable identification of aromatic molecules, and placed American Cyanamid at the forefront of spectrophotometry. R. Bowling Barnes at American Cyanamid s Stamford laboratories, in Connecticut, also made notable advances in instrumental analysis. Significantly, the first factory of Perkin-Elmer, founded by Richard S. Perkin and Charles W. Elmer in 1938 to manufacture advanced optical systems, was almost adjacent to the Cyanamid Stamford laboratories. The outcome was that the practical application of spectrophotometry was advanced more than in any academic laboratory by American Cyanamid scientists Steams110-112 and Barnes. 

Figure 2. The development of spontaneous giant fiber discharges (A) and the subsequent block of the response evoked by electrical stimulation (B) in the central nervous system of the American cockroach treated with a 3 uM solution of NMH compound 13 illustrated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 49. Copyright 1984 Academic Press.

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