Abuse potential of drugs

FDA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration—Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) (2010) Guidance for Industry. Assessment of Abuse Potential of Drugs. Draft Guidance. 

Negus S, Miller L (2014) Intracranial self-stimulation to evaluate abuse potential of drugs. Pharmacol Rev 66(3) 869-917. 

Anon (2005b) ICH S7B the nonclinical evaluation of the potential for delayed ventricular repolarization (QT interval prolongation) by human pharmaceuticals, pp CPMP/ICH/423-02 Anon (2010a) Guidance for industry, assessment of abuse potential of drugs (DRAFT), http // www.fda.gov/... 

Calhoun SR, Galloway GP, Smith DE. (1998). Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol). J Psychoactive Drugs. 30(2) 187-96. 

Methylphenidate and amphetamines have been used for ADHD management for many years but due to abuse potentials, these drugs are controlled substances." " Lisdexamfetamine itself is inactive and acts as a prodrug to dextroamphetamine upon cleavage of the lysine portion of the molecule. It was developed for the intention of creating a longer-lasting and more-difficult-to-abuse version of dextroamphetamine, as the requirement... 

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 regulates the manufacturing, distribution and dispensing of drugs that have abuse potential. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) within the US Department of Justice is the chief federal agency responsible for enforcing the act. 

The abuse potential of buprenorphine is low. While high doses of the drug are perceived by addicts as being... 

Friedman L, Ecker J, Sullivan J, et al A comparative study of the abuse potential of nefazodone, amphetamines, diazepam and placebo in normal volunteers. Paper presented at the meeting of the New Clinical Drugs Evaluation Unit, Boca Raton, FL, May 26-29, 1992... 

Schedule V - The abuse potential of this class of drugs is the lowest of all. They may be dispensed by a pharmacist without a prescription providing certain conditions exist. The types of medications indicated are preparations with moderate amounts of opiods used for their antitussive or antidiarrheal properties. 

We are all acutely aware of the abuse potential of morphine and its derivatives. Although morphine is still a necessary agent in the physician s drug formulary, heroin is a scourge as are some of the so called "designer drug" opiates which are even more potent. 

Brady, J.V. and Griffiths, R.R., Behavioral procedures for evaluating the relative abuse potential of CNS drugs in primates, Fed. Proc., 35, 2245, 1976. 

Jasinski, D.R., Assessment of the abuse potentiality of morphinelike drugs (methods used in man), in Drug Addiction 1 Morphine, Sedative/Hypnotic and Alcohol Dependence, W.R. Martin, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977. 

The relative reinforcing effects or abuse potential of these drugs is thought to be related to their potency in releasing dopamine from nerve terminals, compared with serotonin release. Amfetamine, metamfetamine, and phenmetrazine are potent dopamine releasers with high... 

One such drug is propoxyphene (Darvon), a prescription analgesic widely used in recent years. Sometimes it is combined with aspirin and caffeine to make it more effective. Despite enthusiastic claims of its manufacturer, most doctors and patients have found Darvon to be not much more effective than aspirin (Some even feel that when it is combined with aspirin, it is the aspirin that Joes most of the work.) Besides, the abuse potential of Darvon IS of the same sort as that of the strong narcotic analgesics, ft took some time for doctors to acknowledge the existence of Darvon abuse, but they are now very familiar with it and much more cautious about dispensing the drug. 

Direct central nervous system effects of volatile nitrites have not yet been determined. In the body, nitrites are rapidly broken down into alcohol and nitrite ions, so the parent nitrite drugs may not reach the brain in concentrations comparable to those found in the blood. In one study, isoamyl nitrite concentrations were measured in the brains of rats exposed to the compound by inhalation. The drug was found to inhibit the synthesis or release of some adrenal steroids in the hypothalamus that are involved with stress. To understand the abuse potential of volatile nitrites, many more studies are needed to establish direct effects of the drugs on the brain. 

Because of the strong abuse potential of cocaine, its distribution and clinical use are subject to federal and state controlled substance regulations imder supervision of the Drug Enforcement Administration. Because of its potential ocular and systemic toxicity, cocaine has generally been replaced by the safer synthetic local anesthetics. 

Abuse potential of a drug is related to its capacity to produce immediate satisfaction, which may be a feature of the drug itself (amfetamine and heroin give rapid effect while tricyclic antidepressants do not) and its route of administration in descending order inhalation/i.v. i.m./s.c. oral. 

The cardiovascular effects, subjective effects, and abuse potential of single intranasal doses of ephedrine 5 and 10 mg have been compared with oral doses of (—)ephe-drine 50 mg in 16 healthy Caucasian men with no drug/ alcohol/nicotine abuse or dependence (5). Intranasal ephedrine caused an increase in blood pressure but associated orthostatic hypotension. 

This rodent inhalation model has proven to be reliable in studying the pharmacological effects of a variety of opioids, stimulants, and other drugs of abuse. In addition to predicting the inhalation potential of drugs of abuse by the comparison of inhalation and IV routes of administration, actual tissue concentrations of drug can be approximated with the use of radiolabeled compounds. 

Nabilone has a low abuse potential, as expected from the known low abuse potential of oral THC [166]. There is a considerable divergence in view as regards the euphoriant effect level of nabilone on comparison with that of THC. While one group has concluded that nabilone is 7-times more potent than THC, others have found it less so [162]. It is of more than casual interest that the antiemetic effect ratio of the two drugs is in the same range 2 mg dose for nabilone, 15-20 mg for A -THC. 

Explain the limited abuse potential of antidepressant drugs. 

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