Absorbtivity

The physical properties of the Selenium also offer big advantages with respect to radiation shielding and beam collimation. Within the comparison of radiation isodose areas the required area-radius for a survey of 40pSv/h result in a shut off area that is for Selenium only half the size as for iridium. Sources of similar activity and collimators of same absorbtion value (95%) have been used to obtain values as mentioned in Table 3 below. 

Compressed air is used for various purposes. Air which might come into contact with the product must be free of odor, particles, and oil, have a pressure dew point at less than 2°C, and be sterile. The air is normally compressed to 1000 kPa (8—10 atm) and cooled direcdy after the compressor. If needed, the air is then further dried by an absorbtion unit and the small particles and germs are removed through a set of filters of declining pore si2e. 

Ambroxol [18683-91 -5] (24), a metabolite of bromhexiae, has also shown potent clinical activity (28). Various esters of ambroxol have been shown to be 1.1 to 1.6 times more active as expectorants than ambroxol (29). The esters also show better gastric tolerabiUty and more rapid absorbtion than ambroxol. 

Recovery as liquid sulfur dioxide (absorption of clean dry off-gas in water or chemical absorbtion by ammonium bisulfite or dimethyl aniline),... 

In one laboratory, an atomic absorbtion instrument was placed on top of a three-foot knee-hole. Drainage from the instrument s atomizer went into a bottle underneath. Data from this instrument was recorded on a strip chart recorder placed on a typewriter stand. When in use, the recorder was at the operator s right, where it was easy to observe and adjust. WTien not in use, it was kept out of the way in the knee-hole, along with the operator s stool. 

Parker, R. J., Hartman, K. D., and Sieber, S. M. (1981b). Lymphatic absorbtion and tissue disposition of liposome-entrapped [1 CJadriamycin following intraperitoneal administration, Cancer Res., 41, 1311-1317. 

At this point we introduce the formal notation, which is commonly used in literature, and which is further used throughout this chapter. In the new notation we replace the parameter vector b in the calibration example by a vector x, which is called the state vector. In the multicomponent kinetic system the state vector x contains the concentrations of the compounds in the reaction mixture at a given time. Thus x is the vector which is estimated by the filter. The response of the measurement device, e.g., the absorbance at a given wavelength, is denoted by z. The absorbtivities at a given wavelength which relate the measured absorbance to the concentrations of the compounds in the mixture, or the design matrix in the calibration experiment (x in eq. (41.3)) are denoted by h. ... 

Calculated with the absorbtivity coefficients from Table 41.4. 

Various techniques for collection of root exudates are associated with the risk of root injury by rupture of root hairs and epidermal cells or rapid change of the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, oxygen availability) during transfer of root systems into trap solutions, application of absorbtion materials onto the root surface, and preparation of root systems for exudate collection. The possible impact of those stress treatments may be assessed by measuring parameters of plant growth in plants either. subjected or not subjected to the collection procedure (6) and by comparing exudation patterns after exposure of roots to the handling procedures with different intensity. 

Cost of solvent extraction auxiliaries Cost of absorbtion and distillation column packing, supports and distributors Cost of tanks (surge, etc.)... 

Scheme 1 Electronic states involved in the absorbtion bands in the region of the first singlet—triplet intersection for octahedral, tetragonal and trigonal complexes of nickel(II).336 Solid arrows denote spin-allowed absorbtion transitions, dotted arrows connect pairs of interacting levels. (reprinted with permission from ref. 336 1998, American Chemical Society).

O Flaherty EJ. 1995a. Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements. V. Lead absorbtion and disposition in childhood. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 131 297-308. 

The arylperoxyl radicals produced have absorbtion maxima at 750,800, and 550nm for 9-phenanthryl peroxyl, 1-naphthyl peroxyl, and 2-naphthyl peroxyl radicals, respectively, and are not observed in argon-saturated solutions, supporting their assignments as peroxyl radicals. 

Sakura, S. and Fujimoto, D. (1984) Absorbtion and fluorescence studies of tyrosine derived crosslinking amino acids from collagen. Photochemistry and Photobiology 40, 731-734. 

Molar absorbtivities from charge-transfer absorption are large (greater that 10.000 LmoF cm"1). 

A molecule exhibits a great difference in the speeds of electronic transitions and vibrational atomic motions. The absorbtion of photon and a change in the electronic state of a molecule occurs in 10 15—10—18 s. The vibrational motion of atoms in a molecule takes place in 10 1 s. Therefore, an electronically excited molecule has the interatomic configuration of the nonexited state during some period of time. Different situations for the exited molecule can exist. Each situation is governed by the Franck-Condon principle [203,204],... 

Nakanishi K. Infrared Absorbtion Specroscopy, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 50, 1963. 

COMBISULF A process for removing sulfur compounds from the gases from combined-cycle power plants with integrated coal gasification. Carbonyl sulfide is removed by catalytic hydrolysis hydrogen sulfide is removed by selective absorbtion in aqueous MEDA and the sulfur is recovered from both processes by a modified Claus unit. Developed by Krupp Koppers and first operated in Spain in 1996. See PRENFLO. 

RAR [Recycle Absorbtion Regeneration] A process for extracting traces of sulfur compounds from the effluent gases from the Claus process by use of a selective amine absorbent. Developed by KTI. 

Higbie, R. (1935), The rate of absorbtion of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Trans., 31, 365-390. 

In blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) ions are activated by absorbtion of IR photons emitted from the walls of a heated ICR cell [19], The ICR cell is so far the only mass analyzer that meets both essential requirements for successful... 

Metal-Binding Titrations. Titrations of 81a with AgC104 and HgC104 resulted in a blue shift and broadening of the Q band from 675 to 668 nm. No change in absorbance was seen with addition of up to 2 equiv of Ag+, after which a decrease of the g-band absorbtion occurred up to addition of 5 equiv, at which point no change was observed. In contrast, addition of Hg+ resulted in... 

Photochemical reactions, like any chemical reaction, can be classified into various groups, depending on the reactants and products, for example, elimination, isomerization, dimerization, reduction, oxidation, or chain reaction. One important practical field of photochemistry is organic photochemistry. In solution photochemical reactions, the nature of the solvent can markedly influence the reaction. The absorbtion of the solvent and of the reaction products is an important parameter for the choice of the reaction conditions. It is useful to have a solvent with a relatively low absorption in the desired wavelength. Sometimes photosensitizers are used these are substances that absorb light to further activate another substance, which decomposes. 

Bayliss, N. S. The Effect of the Electrostatic Polarization of the Solvent on Electronic Absorbtion Spectra. J. Chem. Phys. 18, 292 (1950). 

Martin, G. J., Martin, M. L. Etude Par Resonance Magnetique Nucleaire et Absorbtion Infrarouge de Bromures Vinyliques Purs et en Solution. J. Chim. Phys. 61, 1222 (1964)... 

A suitable method for this was introduced by Caspersson (mid-1920s-ca. 1940) who designed and successfully exploited UV microscopy so that the extent of the absorbtion could be determined quantitatively. Selective hydrolysis by RNAase or DNAase was used so that the DNA content of the cell could be estimated. The procedure still required reproducible preparation of sections to allow light to be transmitted and the enzymes to get access to the nucleic acids. 

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