A practical example

The next problem shows how using a combination of the mass spectrometry tools available including hydrogen/deuterium exchange, product ion scans and 

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Sulfamation is the formation (245) of a nitrogen sulfur(VI) bond by the reaction of an amine and sulfur trioxide, or one of the many adduct forms of SO. Heating an amine with sulfamic acid is an alternative method. A practical example of sulfamation is the artificial sweetener sodium cyclohexylsulfamate [139-05-9] produced from the reaction of cyclohexylamine and sulfur trioxide (246,247) (see Sweeteners). Sulfamic acid is prepared from urea and oleum (248). Whereas sulfamation is not gready used commercially, sulfamic acid has various appHcations (see SuLFAMiC ACID AND SULFAMATES) (249—253). 

Another hmitation to be considered is the volume that the DEP force can affec t. This factor can be controlled by the design of electrodes. As an example, consider elec trodes of cylindrical geometry. A practical example of this would be a cylinder with a wire running down the middle to provide the two electrodes. The field in such a system is proportional to 1/r. The DEP force is then Fdep VlE I =< 1/r, so that any differences in particle polarization might well be masked merely by positional differences in the force. At the outer cyhnder the DEP force may even be too small to affect the particles appreciably. The most desirable electrode shape is one in which the force is independent of position within the nonuniform field. This fisomotive electrode system is shown in Fig. 22-33. 

In addition to incident reporting systems, root cause analysis techniques can be used to evaluate the causes of serious incidents where resources are usually available for in-depth investigations. A practical example of root cause investigation methods is provided in Chapter 7. 

Knowledge of chemical principles pays rewards in technological progress. Control of chemical reactions is the key. The large scale commercial production of nitrogen compounds provides a practical example of the beneficial application of Le Chatelier s Principle. 

In this approach the reviews concerned the rheology involving the linear viscoelastic behavior of plastics and how such behavior is affected by temperature. Next is to extend this knowledge to the complex behavior of crystalline plastics, and finally illustrate how experimental data were applied to a practical example of the long-time mechanical stability. 

A practical example of flow through a converging-diverging nozzle is given in Example 4.4... 

Figure 6.2 displays the temperature profile for a 10-zone case and for a 99-zone case. The 99-zone case is a tour de force for the optimization routine that took a few hours of computing time. It is not a practical example since such a multizone design would be very expensive to build. More practical designs are suggested by Problems 6.11-6.13. 

The Haber reaction is a practical example of the effect of temperature on an exothermic reaction. A practical example of an endothermic reaction is the use of methane and steam to produce the molecular hydrogen needed for the Haber reaction. The production of hydrogen in this way is highly endothermic, so the reaction is carried out at temperatures much greater than 1000 K to force the equilibrium toward the products ... 

While the discussion give above was more generically oriented, this will be underlined here by a practical example. 

There are instances where the reflux temperature decreases with conversion of the reagents, and exothermic reactions may even lead to hazardous runaway conditions. In such cases it may become necessary to optimize an addition sequence of reagents to avoid unwanted exotherms. Anderson et al. (1997) have given a practical example for an important intermediate in making the drug monopril. 

As a practical example, following the reduction of hexavalent chromium, sodium hydroxide, lime, or sodium hydroxide can be added to the wastewater to neutralize the pH and precipitate the trivalent chromium, nickel, iron, divalent, and other heavy metals. If lime is used, lime will react with heavy metals and with any residual sodium sulfate, sulfurous acid, or sodium bisulfite. The following reactions apply ... 

With isocratic elution and a sample having solutes with a wide range of polarity it is sometimes not possible to achieve the desired resolution in an acceptably short time. It may be possible to improve the chromatogram using gradient elution. A practical example of the development of a gradient is discussed. 

Rigid Structural Entities. If the initial structure is described by rigid, anisotropic structural entities which are oriented at random, the evolution of anisotropic scattering is readily studied by means of the methods presented in Chap. 9. A practical example is the study of growing orientation in fiber-reinforced materials. 

However, in direct customer communications, Chemicon has, at least in the past, allowed a higher ripple current than the rating. But the life calculation method given is then slightly different. This amounts to a special doubling rule every 5°C, which we will describe below using a practical example. 

Add a quantity of the Sulfo-SBED solution to the bait protein solution so that a 1- to 5-fold molar excess of crosslinker over the bait protein results in the reaction mixture. Mix well. Using greater quantities of Sulfo-SBED to the bait protein may result in precipitation due to the hydrophobic nature of crosslinker. In addition, over modification of the bait protein with the crosslinker may block sites of protein interaction, thus preventing complex formation. As a practical example, Horney et al. (2001), used a 1 1 molar ratio of Sulfo-SBED to the bait protein IGF-1 with success. 

A sample may be characterized by the determination of a number of different analytes. For example, a hydrocarbon mixture can be analysed by use of a series of UV absorption peaks. Alternatively, in a sediment sample a range of trace metals may be determined. Collectively, these data represent patterns characteristic of the samples, and similar samples will have similar patterns. Results may be compared by vectorial presentation of the variables, when the variables for similar samples will form clusters. Hence the term cluster analysis. Where only two variables are studied, clusters are readily recognized in a two-dimensional graphical presentation. For more complex systems with more variables, i.e. //, the clusters will be in -dimensional space. Principal component analysis (PCA) explores the interdependence of pairs of variables in order to reduce the number to certain principal components. A practical example could be drawn from the sediment analysis mentioned above. Trace metals are often attached to sediment particles by sorption on to the hydrous oxides of Al, Fe and Mn that are present. The Al content could be a principal component to which the other metal contents are related. Factor analysis is a more sophisticated form of principal component analysis. 

A practical example is the reaction between f-butylchloride and magnesium turnings in ether for the preparation of a Grignard reagent ... 

It is worth remarking that a gas sensor array is a mere mathematical construction where the sensor outputs are arranged as components of a vector. Arrays can also be utilized to investigate the properties of chemical sensors, or even better, the peculiar behaviour of a sensor as a component of an array. In this chapter, the more common sensor array methodologies are critically reviewed, including the most general steps of a multivariate data analysis. The application of such methods to the study of sensor properties is also illustrated through a practical example. 

To prevent the mistake of overlooking a decimal point, precede the decimal point with a zero if the value is less than one, i.e., writing 0.8 g is better than. 8 g. As a practical example, if a prescription is written for Dexamethasone Oral Solution. 5 mg/.5 mL, one possible mistake could be dispensing 0.5 mg/5 mL solution. This under-medication to the patient would most likely be avoided if 0.5 mg/0.5 mL is written. 

Let us illustrate this phenomenon with a practical example, the variation of oxygen and of nitrogen equilibrium solubilities with depth in the ocean [1]. For seawater, the density p depends on temperature and salinity, and it could vary from 1.025 to 1.035 g cm. For dissolved oxygen, V2 = 0.97 cm g in seawater at a water temperarnre near 25°C. If d is expressed in meters, then at the lower limit of the water density. Equation (21.17) becomes... 

This chapter will illustrate the process of solving crystal structures using the maximum entropy (ME) method. In the first section the theory is described this is followed by a practical example of the method in action, and there is then a brief review of other applications. 

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