A Alimentary tract and metabolism

The rinsing of one s mouth and the process of gargling is used both prophylactically to prevent the establishment of gingivitis and therapeutically to alleviate the symptoms of inflammation in the oral cavity. Many pharmacopoeias include Gargarisma as the Latin term for gargling solutions based on natural products such as essential oils, tannins and mucilages. 

Essential Oils Generally, essential oils exert astringent and bacteriostatic effects. Three drugs are mentioned here  

PEPPERMINT OIL, Menthae piperitae aetheroleum This oil is produced by steam distillation of the flowering parts of fresh peppermint. This plant is a hybrid between three 

Menthol has spasmolytic, choleretic, antiseptic, local anaesthetic and antiinflammatory effects. 

Salviae folium is the leaf of Salvia officinalis L., family Lamiaceae. The leaves contain an essential oil with the main constituents thujone, cineole, camphor, borneol. The essential oil has an antiseptic and fungicidal effect, which is used in gargling-water and in some toothpastes. 

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A Alimentary tract and metabolism 520-579 240-279 Diseases of the digestive system Endocrine, nutritional, and metaholic diseases... 

A Alimentary tract and metabolism B Blood and blood-forming organs C Cardiovascular system D Dermatological... 

A Alimentary tract and metabolism Anti-peptic ulcerants, anticholinergics antidiarrheals, anti-emetics, vitamins, anorectics, hypoglyceraics... 

Felix G, Berthod A (2007) Commercial chiral stationary phases for the separations of clinical racemic drugs. Part 1 From alimentary tract and metabolism to cardiovascular system. Sep Purif Rev 36 285 81... 

DISTRIBUTION The distribution of 14C-pyridostigmine was studied by Birtley et al. Ten per cent of the i.m. dose was present in the alimentary tract within 1 h after injection and 0.3% of the dose is secreted in the bile. A high concentration of radioactivity occurred in the kidney when excretion in the urine was at its maximum level. Lower concentrations were present in the liver, intestinal contents, heart, blood, and muscle. Radioactivity was also detected in the lungs, spleen, and skin, but not in the brain, thymus gland, intestinal wall, or body fat. The detection of radioactive respiratory C02 suggested that to a small extent pyridostigmine may be metabolized by another route. The serum concentration was dose-dependent and was correlated with the clinical response. A radio-immunoassay (RIA) method was developed to determine the plasma concentration time profiles and tissue distribution of PB in rat following its i.m. administration. This study found that PB had a half-hfe (tl/2) of 25... 

From the point of view of potassium balance, there is increased renal excretion of potassium, loss of potassium in the vomitus and no potassium being delivered for absorption in the alimentary tract. All these factors contribute to a severe depletion of the body s total potassium content. Yet another factor contributes to potassium loss. A drop in volume of the circulating blood leads to aldosterone secretion via the renin-angiotensin mechanism which, in turn, promotes sodium reabsorption in the renal tubule this contributes further to excessive renal loss of potassium and hydrogen ions. The acidity of the urine is inappropriate as a response to metabolic alkalosis, but the preservation of electrolyte and fluid volume takes precedence over the acid-base disturbance. These various efiects all combine to yield a positive feedback system driving the metabolic alkalosis which, if not treated, reaches lethal levels in a few days. 

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