3D woven fabrics

All these mechanical results demonstrate the ability of 3D woven fabrics to be adjusted to requirements and cover a wide range of mechanical properties by modifying weaving or manufacturing parameters such as spacing between yams or fibre volume fraction of the composite. Databases of materials can be built in order to help design or selection of these 3D textile reinforced composites. 

Bedogni E, Ivanov DS, Lomov SV, Pirondi A, Vettori M, Verpoest I. Creating finite element model of 3D woven fabrics and composites semi-authomated solution of interpenetration problem. In 15th European conference on composite materials (ECCM-15) 2012. Venice, p. electronic edition, s.p. 

Mahadik Y, Hallett SR. Finite element modelling of tow geometry in 3D woven fabrics. Composites Part A 2010 41 1192—200. 

Table 1.1 The three types of 3D woven fabric composites...

Nji, J. and Li, G. (2010) A self-healing 3D woven fabric reinforced shape memory polymer composite fm impact mitigation. Smart Materials and Structures, 19, paper 035(X)7 (9 pages). 

DERA CRAFT-Co-operative Research Action for Technology ftogramme, 2002. Development of 3D woven fabrics with a variety of weave architectures and prediction of their composite mechanical properties. Technical Report. 

Figure 1.1 illustrates various forms of 3D woven fabrics, solid with uniform thickness, solid shaped, hollow, multifaceted and domed. Many more complicated forms, such as T or I beams, can be made. Weaving can be regarded as the mainstream route to 3D composite preforms. 

This chapter addresses some historic aspects and recent advancements in mie of the fastest-growing areas of modem composite materials, for example, thick unitized composites reinforced with integral (single-ply) three-dimensional (3D) woven fabric preforms. 

This author has selected for the chapter several key aspects that are, in his opinion, of primary importance and actuality. This chapter starts with a discussion of some basic definitions of 3D woven fabric preforms and their categorization. Then, a closer look is taken at the three major categories (i) 3D multilayer weaves, (ii) 3D noncrimp orthogonal weaves, and (iii) 3D dual interlaced weaves. After that, a brief overview of available literature on mechanical properties of various 3D woven composites is presented. The final part briefly summarizes some past and current structural applications of 3D woven composites and projects their future appUcatiOTi potential. 

D multilayer woven fabrics made on conventional 2D weaving looms are commonly distinguished as warp interlock and weft interlock these two subcategories have certain similarities but also possess substantial differences. Warp interlock 3D woven fabrics were introduced much earlier than the weft interlock ones (see inventions in... 

Nonetheless, some efforts have been made in the opposite direction, namely to develop alternative 3D woven fabrics with maximized interlacing of aU three tow sets. If successful, that would further increase composite fi acture toughness and damage... 

Extensive work has been devoted to experimental studies of impact, blast, and ballistic responses of various 3D woven fabric composites, mainly with 3D warp interlock reinforcements. Discussing in detail all those interesting studies would be a subject of a separate chapter. Here we would like to only mention those works where 3DNCOW reinforced composites were studied. 

In this limited size chapter it is not possible to discuss, even briefly, the manufacturing aspects of different 3D woven fabric composites. Therefore, the readership can be only directed to some informative sources (such as publications of Ko, 1989 Pastore and Ko, 1989 Hill et al., 1993, 1994 Mcllhagger et al., 1995 Soden and Hill, 1998 Kamiya et al., 2000 Clarke, 2000 Tong et al., 2002, just to mention a few). 

Buesgen, A., Uguz, M., Briicken, A., Hermann, M., 2011. New Thermal Adaptive Cloth Using 3D Woven Fabrics with Seamless Integrated Tubes 3rd World Conference on 3D Textiles, 20-21 April, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China. 

As 3D woven fabrics, preforms, and composites become more popular and inexpensive, they will be increasingly used in various industries for a range of new applications, such as consumer products, sporting goods, automotive, bridges, bicycles, and the alternative energy sector. 

Chen, X., Hearle, J.W.S., 2008. Developments in design, manufacture and use of 3D woven fabrics. In 9th International Conference on Textile Composites, Recent Advances in Textile Composites, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA, 13-15 October. 

El Said, B., Green, S., Hallett, S., 2014. Kinematic modelling of 3D woven fabric deformation for structural scale features. Compos. Part A 57, 95-107. 

Gloy, Y.-S., Neumann, F., Wendland, B., Stypa, O., Gries, T., 2011. Overview of developments in technology and machinery for the manufacture of 3D-woven fabrics. In Third World Conference on 3D Fabrics and Their Applications. Texeng Ltd., Wuhan, China. 

The other approach is to manufacture 3D woven fabrics by the use of specially designed looms. King (1976) developed a type of purpose-made device based on replacement techniques as illustrated in Figure 13.7. An assembly of yams is placed... 

D woven fabrics have significant impact in the application for protective clothing. They can be made through different ways depending on the end use. Their advanced performance in comparison to 2D woven fabrics can be summarised in the following aspects ... 

The impact energy is propagated faster and in a larger area for 3D woven fabric with honeycomb structure that results from the conjunction area of the adjacent layers where the intersections of warp and weft yams are doubled, creating tighter gripping effect of the warp and weft yams in the area. 

Not only do the 3D woven fabrics provide improved balUstic performance in their soft form, but also the 3D honeycomb weave can form a type of device to be used for body armour ventilation and evaporation of sweat and therefore improve comfort. 

Currently most of the 3D woven fabrics are made by conventional looms. With the inves-tigarimi of purpose-made 3D weaving loom, it might be possible to manufacture more complicated 3D preforms and their composites. By the use of the high-performance and low-volume-density filaments, it would be possible to develop various complexshaped composites with high perfomiance but low weight, which may be suitable for the automotive and aerospace industries. Changes may occur in the supply chain. 

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