Yield coeffidents

The relationships between spedfic rate of substrate consumption and dilution rate and between yield coeffidents and dilution rates are shown in Figure 32. 

In the sucdnoglycan fermentation, what is the growth yield coeffident for ammonia (in units of g g"1 molecular weight of ammonia = 17). 

Using these equations it is possible to calculate theoretical values for glucose yield coeffidents (Yg). Yg values can be calculated for cell mass, phenylalanine and acetic add and is simply the amount of product produced per unit amount of glucose ccmsumed. So the theoretical yield of phoiylalanine on glucose, for example using ecjuaticm 8.1, is ... 

Advantage. The biomass yield coeffident (weight of cells produced per imit of substrate consumed) should be high in order to give a high output It ako ensures effident utilisation of the (expensive) substrate. 

The preceding considerations lead to the condusion that, whereas numerical determinations of electric dipoles require, in accordance with equation (241a), the investigation of substances in the absence of molecular correlations, the quadrupole, octupole, and hexadecapole moments are accessible to determination only if at least pairwise radial correlations are present in the non-dipolar medium. Numerical values of electric moments of higher order are determined by the method of measuring second dielectric virial coeffidents worked out and successfully applied by Cole et al. It has yielded quadrupole, octupole, and hexadecapole moments in good numerical agreement with the values obtained by other methods (see Section 2). 

Consider, now, how the energy is dissipated. In the absence of B, A may lose its energy either as fluorescence emission or in some non-radiative process such as interaction with the solvent. On the convention used by Forster and Weller the rate coefficients or probabilities for these two processes are denoted by and sec S respectively. The lifetime Tq of the exdted spedes is then ( f+nquantum yield < >o of the fluorescence process is f/( f+nthird method of energy dissipation from A is by reaction with B for this a pseudo-first order rate coeffident k2C sec may be assigned. The lifetime of A (x) is now given by... 

The solvent extraction of rare-earth nitrates into solutions of TBP has been used commercially for the production of high-purity oxides of yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymiiun from various mineral concentrates, as well as for the recovery of mixed rare-earth oxides as a byproduct in the manufacture of phosphoric add from apatite ores. In both instances, extraction is carried out from concentrated nitrate solutions, and the loaded organic phases are stripped with water. The rare-earth metals are precipitated from the strip liquors in the form of hydroxides or oxalates, both of which can be calcined to the oxides. Since the distribution coeffidents (D) for adjacent rare earths are closely similar, mixer—settler assemblies with 50 or more stages operated under conditions of total reflux are necessary to yield products of adequate purity. ... 

The consequences of the temperature dependence of 7j, K, D, and Dj- have been discussed in several articles [3-6]. Ko et al. [3] demonstrated that the temperature dependence of the Soret coefficient actually increases the resolution of different molecular-weight components. In a theoretical study by van Asten et al. [4], it was shown that the consequence of ignoring the temperature dependence of k has a nearly negligible effect on the accuracy of D/Dj- values calculated using Eqs. (2) and (3). Ignoring the temperature dependence of Tj and D/Dt, on the other hand, can lead to errors of up to 8% when DIDj- values are calculated from retention data. Several refinements to Eq. (3) have been made over the years [2,5,6]. When these refinements are used, they yield accurate values for the transport coeffidents. Although the resulting equations are quite complex, they are not required for the routine analysis of polymers by thermal FFF. 

The analysis of the adsorption kinetics of the fast adsorption step (sample 2) yields a pressure dcpendooce that is characteristic for sur ce diffiision dm diffiision coeffident varies as the rii ve of the corre nding sorption isotherm which is governed by micropore adsorption [9]. 

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