Y biosynthesis

Okuda, T. Ito, Y. Biosynthesis and mutasynthesis of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Umezawa, H. Hooper IR., Eds. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1982 pp. 111-203. 

Hotta, K. Morioka, M. Tohyama, H. Okami, Y. Biosynthesis of istamycins by Streptomyces tenjimariensis. In Trends in Actinomycetology in Japan, Koyama Y., Ed Tokyo Society for Actinomycetes, 1989, pp. 61 -64. 

LEW1NSOHN, E., ZIV-RAZ, I., DUDAI, N., TADMOR, Y LASTOCHKIN, E., LARKOV, O., CHAIMOVITSH, D RAVID, U PUTIEVSKY, E PICHERSKY, E., SHOHAM, Y., Biosynthesis of estragole and methyl-eugenol in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L). Developmental and chemotypic association of allylphenol O-methyltransferase activities., Plant Sci., 2000,160,27-35. 

Xie X, Watanabe K, Wojcicki WA, Wang CCC, Tang Y. Biosynthesis of lovastatin analogues with a broadly specific acyl transferase. Chem. Biol. 2006 13 1161-1169. 

Chou, H-N. and Shimizu, Y. Biosynthesis of brevetoxins evidence for a mixed origin of the backbone carbon chain and the possible involvement of carboxylic acids, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2184—2185, 1987. 

Sakuda S, Higashi A, Tanaka S, Nihira T, Yamada Y. Biosynthesis of virginiae butanolide A, a butyrolactone autoregulator from Streptomyces. J Am Chem Soc 1992 114 663-668. 

Hotta K, Morioka M, Tohyama H, Okami Y. Biosynthesis of istamycins by Screptomyces icn-/imanensis. Koyama Y, ed. Trends in Actinomycetoiagy in Japan. Tokyo Society for Aciino-myce CCS Japan, 1989 61-64. 

Reynolds KA, Fox KM, Yuan Z-m, Lam Y. Biosynthesis of ansatrienin Steteochemical couise of the final reduction step leading to the cycltdiexanecarboxylic acid moiety. J Am Chem Soc 1991 1113 4339-4340. 

Matsusaki, H, Abe, H, and Doi, Y. Biosynthesis and properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by recombinant strains of Pseudomonas species. Biomacromolecules, 1, 17-22 (2000). 

Kato M, Fukui T and Doi Y, Biosynthesis of polyester blends by Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 from Alkanoic acids. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1996, 69 515-520. 

Bleaching Herbicides. Membrane-based modes of herbicidal action relevant to photosynthesis (37) include those of inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis, eg, norflura2on, diftmon, y -phenoxyben2amines inhibitors of chlorophyll biosynthesis, eg, oxadia2on, DTP or... 

Biosynthesis. Biochemical studies on dalbaheptides have been reviewed (92,97). Experiments with and H have shown that in vancomycin (39), D-tyrosine is the precursor of D-/> -hydroxyphenyiglycine and P-hydroxy-y -chlorotyrosine, and acetate the precursor of the two y jy -dihydroxyphenyiglycines (98). Similar results using either or radioactively labeled material have been reported for avoparcin (Table 5) (23), ristocetin (Table 2) (99,100), ardacin (Table 3) (101), and A47934 (102). 

Ascorbic acid is involved in carnitine biosynthesis. Carnitine (y-amino-P-hydroxybutyric acid, trimethylbetaine) (30) is a component of heart muscle, skeletal tissue, Uver and other tissues. It is involved in the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria, where they are oxidized to provide energy for the ceU and animal. It is synthesized in animals from lysine and methionine by two hydroxylases, both containing ferrous iron and L-ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid donates electrons to the enzymes involved in the metabohsm of L-tyrosine, cholesterol, and histamine (128). 

In Dioscorea hispida, Trigollenine is incorporated into the isoquinuclidine moiety of the alkaloid Dioscorine (208), as proved by a feeding experiment with [TOer/ y/- " C,2- H, H]trigollenine (88P3793). These results are consistent with the hypothesis for the biosynthesis of Dioscorine (208), Dumetorine and Dihydrodioscorine, which is presented in Scheme 68. 

Scheme 10.8 Biosynthesis of epothilone. Individual PKS domains are represented as circles and individual NRPS domains as hexagons. Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) and thiola-tion domains (T) are posttranslationally modified by a phos-phopantetheinyl group to which the biosynthetic intermediates are covalently bound throughout the chain assembly. The thioesterase domain (TE) cyclizes the fully assembled carbon chain to give the 16-membered lactone. Following dehydration of Cl 2—Cl 3 to give epothilones C and D, the final step in epothilone biosynthesis is the epoxidation of the C12=C13 double bond by the cytochrome P450 enzyme P450epol<. KS ketosyn-thase KS(Y) active-site tyrosine mutant of KS AT acyltransfer-ase C condensation domain A adenylation domain ...

There has been one report on the biosynthesis of FR900482 [114]. Radiolabeled D-glucosamine 33 and AHBA 38 were efficiently incorporated into 6, and D-[l-13C]-glucosamine was incorporated in the expected orientation (Figure 11.10). The biosynthetic gene cluster for FR900482 has been isolated from Streptomyces sandaensis and indicates a strong biosynthetic relationship with mitomycin C (Y. Mao, D. H. Sherman, unpublished results). 

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is often used to estimate metabolic stoichiometry. Using quasi-steady-state and by definition of RQ, develop a system of two linear equations with two unknowns by solving a matrix under the following conditions the coefficient of the matrix with yeast growth (y = 4.14), ammonia (yN = 0) and glucose (ys = 4.0), where the evolution of C02 and biosynthesis are very small (o- = 0.095). Calculate the stoichiometric coefficient for RQ =1.0 for the above biological processes ... 

Pyridoxamine phosphate serves as a coenzyme of transaminases, e.g., lysyl oxidase (collagen biosynthesis), serine hydroxymethyl transferase (Cl-metabolism), S-aminolevulinate synthase (porphyrin biosynthesis), glycogen phosphoiylase (mobilization of glycogen), aspartate aminotransferase (transamination), alanine aminotransferase (transamination), kynureninase (biosynthesis of niacin), glutamate decarboxylase (biosynthesis of GABA), tyrosine decarboxylase (biosynthesis of tyramine), serine dehydratase ((3-elimination), cystathionine 3-synthase (metabolism of methionine), and cystathionine y-lyase (y-elimination). 

The second choice is a simpler solution. According to Sarko and Muggli,66 all 39 observed reflections in the Valonia X-ray pattern are indexable by a two-chain triclinic unit cell with a = 9.41, b =8.15 and c = 10.34 A, a = 90°, 3 = 57.5°, and y = 96.2°. Ramie cellulose, on the other hand, is completely consistent with the two-chain monoclinic unit cell. Also, there are significant differences between their high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR spectra, indicating that Valonia and ramie celluloses, the two most crystalline forms, reflect two distinct families of biosynthesis. On this basis, the Valonia triclinic and the ramie monoclinic forms are classified69 as Ia and Ip, respectively. It has been shown from a systematic analysis of the NMR spectra by these authors, and from electron-dif-... 

Nomura T. The Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Isoprenylated Flavonoids From Moraceous Plants Pwre A/y)/. Chem. 1999 77 1115-1118... 

Nomura T., Hano Y., Ueda S. Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Natural Diels-Alder Type Adducts From Moraceous Plants Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 1995 17 451-478 Keywords Dieis-Aider adduct moraceous piant... 

Not only eukaryotic cells but also bacteria have successfully been targeted by PNA anhsense strategies. Thus it has been shown that PNA complementary to ribosomal RNA or mRNA encoding an essential fatty acid biosynthesis protein, effectively kills E. coli. Furthermore, it has been shown that PNA directed to the start codon of the y -lactamase gene re-sensitized otherwise resistant E. coli to the antibiohc ampiciUin [64—66]. Conjugating a simple transporter peptide to the PNA increased the potency significantly, and an even more potent antibacterial PNA... 

Vitamin Bu coenzymes, Ann. N.Y. Acad, Set. 112, 547-921 (1964). I. Chemistry, chemical synthesis and biosynthesis of corrin coenzymes II. Enzymic roles of cobinamide coenzymes III. B 12-coenzymes in micro-organisms and animals. 

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