X-ray machines

Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. 

Radiographic examination is either by x-rays or by gamma radiation. The former has greater penetrating power, but the latter is more portable. Few x-ray machines can penetrate beyond 300-mm (12 -in) thickness. 

The impellers for centrifugal compressors are assemblies consisting of three parts the hub disc, the blades, and the cover disc. The hub and cover disc are machined from single-piece forgings of an alloy steel suitable for the application of the compressor. Blades are machined from forged steel plates of identical material. Each forging is checked with either sonic or X-ray machines to detect flaws or inclusions. 

This method of analyzing rare-earth samples is rapid and reliable. An oxide sample may be prepared and completely analyzed in 35 minutes. Two persons, one preparing samples and the other operating the x-ray machine, can fully utilize the x-ray machine and analyze a maximum of about 40 samples per day for 7 elements each. 

C22-0024. Although X-ray exposures pose little threat to patients, medical technicians must be careful to avoid exposure to the beam. Suppose that an X-ray machine is leaking radiation that exposes the technician to 1% of the dose received by a patient. After how many exposures would the technician begin to show reduced numbers of white blood cells If the technician administers 40 X-ray studies daily and works 250 days per year, would this damage show up ... 

High-purity lead oxide is used to make precision glasses needed for lasers, low-dose X-ray machines, fiber optic probes, medical camera systems, and low-light military equipment such as night vision scopes and goggles. 

TSA is considering two different types of portal X-ray machines for screening handheld baggage. These are a backscatter phototype image machine and a multiview X-ray machine [161]. 

Congress passes the Terrorist Firearms Detection Act. It bans firearms (such as plastic handguns) that cannot be detected by security equipment such as airport X-ray machines. 

In 2005, scientists discovered the cause of Otzi s death. A few years earlier, in 2001, Paul Gostner wheeled an X-ray machine to Otzi s chamber in the South Tyrol Museum. Gostner, who works at the Central Hospital in Bolzano, Italy, discovered a stone arrowhead embedded in the back of Iceman s left shoulder. Earlier X-ray scans had missed the small object. The arrow shaft was not in Otzi s body, nor had it been found nearby. The fatality of the wound became evident in 2005, when Central Hospital acquired an X-ray machine with higher resolution. Gostner and other staff members of the hospital brought Otzi in for a scan—it was a rush job, otherwise Otzi s body would quickly decompose. They discovered that the arrowhead had gashed a large and important artery, the subclavian artery, which carries blood to the arm. Such a serious injury would have caused Otzi to bleed to death in minutes. 

This value corresponds to an absorbed energy of approximately 8.8 mJ/kg using the effective ionization energy of 34 eV per ion pair in air. The roentgen is most often used to describe the intensity of a photon source such as a medical X-ray machine or other irradiator. The exposure should be measured at some distance from the soiuce so that the radiation field is uniform compared to the dimensions of the detector. The detector is usually an ion chamber filled with dry air that is sensitive to pico-coulombs of charge. 

Almost everything in nature has some small amount of natural radioactivity. We are also bathed in a sea of natural radiation coming from the sun and electrical devices such as cellphones, photocopy machines, x-ray machines. You may not live next to a nuclear power plant, but you are continuously being exposed to radiation. 

Many sources of radiation already exist in our world. In fact, electrical devices such as the TV cellphones, photocopy machines, x-ray machines are common examples. Nuclear reactions can be shown to be one of the important sources of radiation. In nuclear tests (atomic and hydrogen bombs) some radioactive substances are produced and although the reactions stop, the radiation continues. 

T. Frank, Air travelers stripped bare with x-ray machine, USA Today, page 1 A, May 15, 2005. 

An extensive study on how to overcome this problem was undertaken, and it was decided that perhaps better techniques of fitting shoes were desired. Shoe fitting was based on old arbitrary techniques. Before they were outlawed, X-ray machines in shoe stores gave the customer some indication of how well the shoes fit. The Brannock gauge attempted to make some measurements based on the... 

JC Very little. You have to have an x-ray machine to do radiation. Chemicals are much simpler to study. You can take something off the shelf and the techniques to test it—growing bacteria or flies or whatever test system you re using—that didn t change. So it wasn t a big step in a research sense. (Crow, interview)... 

Powder Patterns. Powder patterns on titanium dioxide were obtained using a North American Philips x-ray machine and a standard powder camera. This work was done by A. Caron. 

This feedback, which twenty years ago could not have taken place, is almost standard to how we operate today. I know the reasons we were missing superconductivity back then was because we weren t taking care to monitor the positions of the atoms as we were processing. When we went in there that weekend, I spent more time on the x-ray machine than anyplace else in the lab. It was process, x-ray, process, x-ray, before we bothered to check for superconductivity. 

When I was a teenager, I had an infection on my leg and I went to a dermatologist with a brand new X-ray machine. He cured the leg but than he said, you have some acne on your face, why don t I cure that too So he gave me X-ray treatment for that. It was fairly early in X-ray treatment, and the doses were very large. Then about 15 years later, tumors began to show up, and they have kept growing, and I have two or three a year that have to be removed. Don t ever let your kids have X-ray treatment unless it s absolutely critical. 

Americium-241 is the only isotope of americium of any practical interest. When it decays, it gives off both alpha rays and gamma rays. Alpha rays do not travel very far in air, but gamma rays are very penetrating, much like X rays. The gamma rays from americium-241 are used in portable X-ray machines that can, for example, be taken into oil fields to help determine where new wells should be dug. 

Beryllium is transparent in X rays. X rays pass rhrough rhe meral withour being absorbed. For this reason, beryllium is somerimes used to make the windows for X-ray machines. 

Cobalt-60 is also used in industrial applications. The radiation it gives off acts like X rays from an X-ray machine. It can penetrate metals. The X-ray pattern produced by radiating a material tells about its strength, composition, and other properties. 

One of the most important uses of nickel is in making alloys. About 86 percent of the primary nickel used in the United States in 2008 was used to make alloys. About half of that amount went into stainless steel. Stainless steel is common to household appliances (like coffee makers, toasters, and pots and pans), kitchen sink tops and stoves, and medical equipment (X-ray machines, for example). It is also used to make heavy machinery and large containers in which large-scale chemical reactions are carried out. Artists sometimes use stainless steel in sculpture because it does not rust easily. Stainless steel is important to the food and beverage, petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical (drug), pulp and paper, and textile industries. 

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