X-ray examination

Pa.g et s Disease of Bone. Paget s disease, osteitis deformans, occurs mainly ia people over 40. About twice as many men as women are affected. The disease, caused by faulty utilisation of may be mild and asymptomatic requiring Httle or no treatment. Clinical signs are high alkaline phosphatase and high urine hydroxyproline as weU as abnormal bone stmcture which usually goes unrecognised until discovered accidentally by routine x-ray examination (32). 

Water-insoluble barium salts are poorly absorbed. In fact, barium sulfate is used as a contrast material for x-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract based on its limited solubility andlow toxicity (52). Barium sulfate fed to mice at various levels up to 8 ppm dietary Ba ( 1.14 mg/kg-d as Ba " ) for three generations had no significant effects on growth, mortality, morbidity, or reproductive performance (53). 

The existence of the amorphous phase of the fiber is confirmed in x-ray examination by the occurrence of a distinct intensity maximum of the radiation scattered diffusively at 2Q = 21.6 . The fraction of the amorphous phase in the fiber depends on manufacturing conditions and a possible further refining treatment. It is estimated to vary from 0.25 to 0.60. With an increase of the draw ratio and following the thermal treatment of the fiber, the proportion of the amorphous phase only reaches the lower values of this interval,... 

The quantitative assessment of the degree of crystallite orientation by x-ray examination is not free of ambiguity. From a comparative analysis [23] in which results obtained from the consideration of (105) and from three different variations of equatorial reflection were compared, the conclusion was that the first procedure can lead to underrated results, i.e., to the underestimation of the orientation. However, it can be assumed that this does not result from an incorrect procedure, but from ignoring the fact that the adjacent (105) reflex can overlap. The absence of the plate effect of the orientation is characteristic of the orientation of crystallites in PET fibers. The evidence of this absence is the nearly identical azimuthal intensity distributions of the diffracted radiation in the reflexes originating from different families of lattice planes. The lack of the plate effect of orientation in the case of PET fiber stretching has to do with the rod mechanism of the crystallite orientation. 

Static test results may be evaluated by measurement of change of mass or section thickness, but metallographic and X-ray examination to determine the nature and extent of attack are of greater value because difficulty can be encountered in removing adherent layers of solidified corrodent from the surface of the specimen on completion of the exposure, particularly where irregular attack has occurred. Changes in the corrodent, ascertained by chemical analysis, are often of considerable value also. In view of the low solubility of many construction materials in liquid metals and salts, changes in mass or section thickness should be evaluated cautiously. A limited volume of liquid metal could become saturated early in the test and the reaction would thus be stifled when only a small corrosion loss... 

There have been several papers on Ag oxalate— Ag2C204- Macdonald and Hinshelwood (Ref 7) confirmed the Berthelot equation, according to which the only products of decompn of Ag oxalate are metallic Ag and C02. Benton and Cunningham (Ref 9) found that the rate of thermal decompn of Ag oxalate may be increased by previously exposing it to ultraviolet radiation. During the thermal decompn of Ag oxalate, fragments of metallic Ag are formed. This has been confirmed by conductivity measurements (Ref 10) or by X-ray examination (Ref 11). Tompkins (Ref 1.2) investigated the thermal decompn of Ag oxalate at 110—130°. Its decompn, in his opinion, is similar to that of Ba azide... 

Diabetes insipidus, prevention and treatment of postoperative abdominal distension, to dispel gas interfering with abdominal x-ray examination... 

Barium enema A diagnostic test using x-ray examination to view the lower gastrointestinal tract (colon and rectum) after oral ingestion of barium sulfate, a chalky liquid contrast medium. 

Assembly commences with a plain detonator containing its base charge and initiating explosive. These detonators are held in plates and the processes are insertion of suitable delay elements, followed by pressing in the normal way. They are then checked by X-ray examination to ensure... 

A 6. 5-year-old female has swelling and pain in several of the inter-phalangeal (IP) joints of her hand. X-ray examination reveals arthritic changes. Which agent should not be prescribed ... 

R.D. Swift and R.P. Lindquist, Medium energy x-ray examination of commercial trucks, in Proc. SPIE Vol. 2276, Conf. on Cargo Inspection Technologies, 25-27 July 1994, San Diego, CA (1994). 

Electrodeposited binary alloys may or may not be the same in phase structure as those formed metallurgically. By way of illustration, we note that in the case of brass (Cu-Zn alloy), x-ray examination reveals that apart from the superstructure of... 

Fibrotic changes occur in the pleura. As in the parenchyma, however, the early stages of pleural fibrosis may be small and localized, becoming bilateral and extensive over time. The radiological manifestations of asbestosis are frequently nonspecific, that is, the fibrosis detected on x-ray examination occurs in many other diseases. If a pleural change can be detected radiologi-... 

On examination of the urine and serum of numerous patients with suspected paraproteinemia in both Jamaicans and Africans between 1962 and 1966, it was concluded that whenever a low total serum y-globulin level with a normal serum electrophoretic pattern were encountered in a suspected case of multiple myelomatosis, it was then essential to obtain also a specimen of urine from such a patient for further electrophoretic examination. Invariably simultaneous electrophoresis of such sera and urines proved to be diagnostic, even when the classical heat test for Bence Jones protein was negative. Consequently it was found that concurrent electrophoresis of scrum and urine was the first means of detecting multiple myelomatosis in no less than 20% of the patients, which were subsequently confirmed either by bone marrow biopsy or X-ray examination or both (M3). 

The element was discovered in 1925 by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke Noddack, and 0. Berg. They detected it by x-ray examination of platinum ores. X-ray studies also showed its occurrence in columbite and other minerals. It was named after the German river Rhine, called Rhenus in Latin. In 1929, Walter and Ida Noddack produced Ig of rhenium metal from 660 kg of Norwegian molybdenite. 

Confirmation of this hypothesis is obtained by the X-ray examination of soaps and fatty esters by Shearer, Piper, Grindley and Muller (J.O.S. cxxiil. 2043, 1923) (see also Friedrich, Physikal. Zeit. xiv. 317, 1913, De Broglie, G.R. olxxvi 738,1923, Becker and Jahnke, Z. Phys. Ohem. xcix. 242, 1923), who have shown that two types of chain formation occur in carbon compounds in accordance with our preconceived views on the tetrahedral orientation of the valencies of the carbon atom. The spacing of the planes in these two types is indicated in the following diagram ... 

We have noted that the evidence for orientation at a gas-liquid interface is very convincing. Iredale (Phil. Mag. XLV. 1088, 1923) has shown that the areas occupied by molecules on the surface of liquid mercury are sensibly the same as those occupied by the molecules on a water surface, thus the orientation of molecules condensing from a vapour on the surface of liquid mercury is identical with the orientation on water. There is no reason to suspect that if the liquid mercury surface were replaced by a solid metal surface the orientation of the adsorbed molecules would in any way be affected. Again the X-ray examination of the layers of fatty acids solidified on mica (Muller and Shearer, J.G.8. oxxiii. 156, 1923) has revealed the fact that the fatty acid molecules adsorbed on the mica are stratified in regular orientated molecules, the direction of orientation being perpendicular to the plane of the mica. 

The X-ray examination evidently provides a ready classification of the gels into the crystalline and non-crystalline varieties, of which the most well known is gelatine. 

Attempts have not been lacking to prove that all fibrils including those amorphous in the X-ray examination are actually crystalline. 

A 27-year-old male has sprained his ankle, which is swollen and painful, while skiing. X-ray examination is negative except for the appearance of swelling. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is administered. Which of the following would be decreased ... 

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