X-ray electron spectroscopy

To end the discussion of octa-, hepta- and hexafluorotantalates (-niobates) of alkali metals, it should be mentioned that indication of the uniformity of bond energy was found using X-ray electronic spectroscopy [172] based on the... 

Previously, Ermakov et al. —2— studied Pt-Mo/SiOj catalysts and found that the presence of Mo in Pt-Mo/Si02 catalysts increased the rate of hydrogenolysis by k orders of magnitude compared to Pt/SiOj catalysts and decreased the electron density of Pt as observed from x-ray electron spectroscopy. They interpreted these data in terms of chemical bonding between Pt and Mo and suggested a Pt°-Mo + complex on silica which has catalytic activity and selectivity similar to Rh or Ir rather than to Pt. 

Handbook of X-Ray Electron Spectroscopy, ed, G.E. Muilenberg, Perkin-Elmer, Eden Prairie, 1979. 

Auger electron spectroscopy X-ray electron spectroscopy Secondary ion mass spectrometry... 

In this respect it is perspective to experimentally study the electron spectra of different (not only molecular) structures by means of X-ray electron spectroscopy (XES) that allows estimating the electron bond energies in complex systems [2],... 

Kosova N.V., Asanov I.P., Devyatkina E.T., Avvakumov E.G. Investigation of atom state change in surface layer at the initial stages of mechanochemical reactions by means of X-ray electron spectroscopy. Zhurn. Neorg. Khimii 1999 44 100-2. 

Electron spectroscopic techniques are based on determination of the energy distribution of electrons released in the ionization process. Two of these techniques became very popular among chemists and molecular physicists, namely photo-clectron spectroscopy (PES) and X-ray electron spectroscopy also termed electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES) is related to PES, but the target molecule is ionized by electronically cxcital (metastable) atoms of a noble gas, mostly He, Ne and Ar instead of the photons used in PES. PIES is not sudi a widely used tedmique as PES and ESCA, but probably the most attractive one for vdW molecules. 

Besides the work done on solvolysis of 2-norbomyl compounds, the 2-norbornyl cation has also been extensively smdied at low temperatures there is much evidence that under these conditions the ion is definitely nonclassical. Olah and co-workers have prepared the 2-norbomyl cation in stable solutions at temperamres below 150°C in SbFs—SO2 and FSO3H SbF5 S02, where the stmcmre is static and hydride shifts are absent Studies by proton and NMR, as well as by laser Raman spectra and X-ray electron spectroscopy, led to the conclusion that under these conditions the ion is nonclassical. A similar result has been reported for the 2-norbomyl cation in the sohd state where at 77 and even 5 K, NMR spectra gave no evidence of the freezing out of a single classical ion. ... 

Ionization energies of the electronic valence levels of BF4 have been obtained by X-ray electron spectroscopy.262... 

The proposed method, although applied to the quantitative resolution of spectra in x-ray electron spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography, should be suitable also for correcting the spectral shifts of other real systems analysed with different analytical techniques, as long as the component interactions in the mixture are not so intimate to give rise to inadequacy of the quantification model. 

V.I. Nefedov. X-ray Electronic Spectroscopy of Chemical Compounds. Moscow,. Khimiya, 1985. 

Figure 10.21 X-ray electron spectroscopy image of Ag3d5/2 doublet at time 0 on polyester— Ag-TaN sputtered for 160 s.

Various planar membrane models have been developed, either for fundamental studies or for translational applications monolayers at the air-water interface, freestanding films in solution, solid supported membranes, and membranes on a porous solid support. Planar biomimetic membranes based on amphiphilic block copolymers are important artificial systems often used to mimic natural membranes. Their advantages, compared to artificial lipid membranes, are their improved stability and the possibility of chemically tailoring their structures. The simplest model of such a planar membrane is a monolayer at the air-water interface, formed when amphiphilic molecules are spread on water. As cell membrane models, it is more common to use free-standing membranes in which both sides of the membrane are accessible to water or buffer, and thus a bilayer is formed. The disadvantage of these two membrane models is the lack of stability, which can be overcome by the development of a solid supported membrane model. Characterization of such planar membranes can be challenging and several techniques, such as AFM, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM), electrophoretic mobility, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), contact angle, ellipsometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), patch clamp, or X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to characterize their... 

Colton, R.J., Rabalais, J.W. Electronic structure of some inorganic azides from X-ray electron spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 64, 3481-3486 (1976)... 

Shabanova, I. N., Kodolov, V. I., Terebova, N. S., Trineeva, V. V, X Ray electron spectroscopy in investigation of MetaPCarbon nanosystems and nanostructured materials, Udmurt State University, Moscow-Izhevsk, 2012. 

An empirical energy diagram of the valence states in hexagonal ReC (y -MoC crystal structure) was proposed by Zhurakovsky, Zaulichny and Khitun (1988) based on XES and X-ray electron spectroscopy data. An appreciable hybridisation of the Re5d- and C2p-orbitals in the valence band of the carbide was proposed. The analysis of the emission ReL, ... 

From the large number of experimental methods employed currently in the analysis of surfaces (see, e.g., Morrison (1977) and Blakely (1975)), X-ray electron spectroscopy (XES), angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are the ones which are most widely used for the study of the electronic states of the external layers of refractory phases. Their basic ideas and technical details are described in a number of monographs, see for example Nemoshkalenko et al (1976), Gallon (1981) and Briggs and Sinha (1987). 

Zhurakovsky, E. A., Zaulichny, Ya. V. Khitun, O. Yu. (1988). Proc. of XV All-Union Conf. on X-Ray Electronic Spectroscopy. Leningrad Publishing House of the Leningrad LFniversity, 2, 220. 

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