Wrens

The idea of red cell substitutes is not new. In Ovid s Metamorphosis the witch Medea restored Jason s aged father, Aeson, by slitting his throat to let out old blood, replacing it with a magic brew she had concocted (1). Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first to apply the new knowledge about circulation to blood substitutes. In 1656 he infused ale, wine, scammony, and opium into dogs and from these efforts conceived the ideal of transfusing blood from one animal to another. Lower actually carried out the first transfusion experiments (2). 

Chapman, W., Sherman, R., Boyce, S., Malawer, M., Hill, A., Buncke, G., Block, J., Fung, J., Clavien, R, Lee, K., Lebovic, G., Wren, S., Diethrich, E. and Goldstein, R., A novel collagen-based composite offers effective hemostasis for multiple surgical indications Results of a randomized controlled trial. Surgery, 129, 445-450 (2001). 

C = flow coefficient from Figures 2-17 or 2-18. Wren discharging to atmosphere, P = inlet gauge pressure. (Also see critical flow discussion.)... 

Fang, Ken-Shou, How Accurate are Predictions of Required NPSH Wren Based on Speed-Scale Effect , Power, V. 123, No. 2, 1979. 

Wren CD. 1984. Distribution of metals in tissues of beaver, raccoon and otter from Ontario, Canada. Sci Tot Environ 34 177-184. 

Wren CD. 1986. A review of metal accumulation and toxicity in wild mammals. 1. Mercury. Environ Res 40 1737-1744. 

Wren CD, Hunter DB, Leatherland JF, Stokes PM. 1987a. The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and methyhnercury, singly and in combination on mink. 2. Reproduction and kit development. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16 449 54. 

Wren CD, Stokes PM, Fischer KL. 1986. Mercury levels in Ontario Canada mink and otter relative to food levels and environmental acidification. Can J Zool 64 2854-2859. 

McKillop, A.G., Smith, R.M., Rowe, R.C., and Wren, S.A.C., Modeling and prediction of electrophoretic mobilities in capillary electrophoresis separation of alkylpyridines, Anal. Chem. 71, 497, 1999. 

Hacker J, Kaper JB. Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 2000 54 641-679. Wren BW. Microbial genome analysis insights into virulence, host adaptation and evolution. Nature Rev Genet 2000 l[l] 30-39. 

Wren AB, Venosa AD (1996) Selective enumeration of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria by a most-probable-number procedure. Can J Microbiol 42 252-258... 

In birds, copper concentrations in kidneys of the willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) are positively correlated with concentrations of cadmium (Wren et al. 1994). 

Wren, C.D., T. Nygard, and E. Steinnes. 1994. Willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) as a biomonitor of environmental metal levels in Norway. Environ. Pollut. 85 291-295. 

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