Wound healing hemostasis

Fibrinogen is a fibrous protein that was first classified with keratin, myosin, and epidermin based on its 5.1 A repeat in wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns (Bailey et al., 1943), which was later discovered to be associated with the Q-helical coiled-coil structure. It is a glycoprotein normally present in human blood plasma at a concentration of about 2.5 g/L and is essential for hemostasis, wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, and other biological functions. It is a soluble macromolecule, but forms a clot or insoluble gel on conversion to fibrin by the action of the... 

The mechanical properties of fibrin are essential for its functions in hemostasis and wound healing, since the clot must stop bleeding and yet allow the penetration of cells. The mechanical properties of a thrombus will determine how it responds to flowing blood, including elastic or plastic deformation and embolization. Epidemiological studies have revealed a relationship between myocardial infarction and clot stiffness (Fatah et al., 1996 Scrutton et al., 1994). 

PDI is a noncovalent homodimer with a molecular weight of 57 kDa for each subunit. The protein is generally involved in the formation, reduction and rearrangement of disulfide bridges and plays an important role in platelet function. PDI is localized at the extracellular side of the plasma membrane and is secreted after platelet activation (Chen etal, 1992). In platelets, PDI catalyzes the formation of disulfide-bridged complexes of thrombospondin 1 and thrombin-antithrombin III and is thus involved in hemostasis and wound healing (Milev and Essex, 1999). 

This rapid platelet aggregation and thrombus formation at the site of vascular injury is the main mechanism of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding, a normal process of wound healing). When platelets are activated on the ruptured atherosclerotic plaques or in regions of restricted blood flow, however, it can lead to thromboembolic... 

As a natural constituent of connective tissue and major structural protein, collagen is implicated in all phases of the wound healing process (hemostasis, inflammation, migration, proliferation and maturation) and controls the cellular functions such as cell shape and differentiation, migration, and synthesis of a number of proteins [100]. The use of collagen dressings may seem attractive in view of their functions to ... 

Many approaches are employed to extract KRs from hair or wool fibers. These methods are based on oxidative and reductive chemistries and have been published since the early 1900s. Keratoses and kerateines represent oxidized and reduced keratin derivatives, respectively, and they have been used to prepare materials for medical applications, such as wound healing, bone regeneration, hemostasis, and peripheral nerve repair (Hill et al., 2010]. The use of either oxidative or reductive extraction techniques can lead to different mechanical properties due to the absence or presence of disulfide bonds in the material, respectively. 

T. A. Ostomel, P. K. Stoimenov, P. A. Holden, H. B. Alam, and G. D. Stucky, 2006a, Host-guest composites for induced hemostasis and therapeutic wound healing in traumatic injuries, J. Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 22, 55-67... 

---