Wound healing Collagen formation

Mussini, E., Hutton Jr., J. J., and Udenfriend, S., 1967, Collagen proline hydroxylase in wound healing, granuloma formation, scurvy, and growth. Science 157 927-929. 

Zinc normally aids wound healing in terrestrial invertebrates. Wounding of the optic tentacle, foot tissue, and partial shell removal in Helix aspersa, a terrestrial gastropod, resulted in deposition of zinc in the wound area after 2 to 5 days. Increased zinc in Helix wound areas may be necessary to promote protein synthesis, collagen formation, and mitotic cell division (Ireland 1986). 

A partial list of physiological functions til at have been determined to be affected by vitamin C deficiencies includes (1) absorption of iron (2) cold tolerance, maintenance of adrenal cortex (3) antioxidant (4) metabolism of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine (5) body growth (6) wound healing (7) synthesis of polysaccharides and collagen (8) formation of cartilage, dentine, bone, and teeth and (9) maintenance of capillaries. 

In an adult, HA levels rapidly reach a maximum and then drop rapidly,107-109 reminiscent of the stages in embryology. Decreasing HA levels are followed by increasing amounts of chondroitin sulfate, the appearance of fibroblasts and then deposition of a collagen-rich ECM. In an adult, wound healing often results in scar formation. 

The acute inflammatory process is associated initially with increased HA levels, the result of the cytokines released by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the predominant cells of the acute inflammatory process. The erythema, swelling, and warmth of the acute process are followed later by the characteristic dry appearance and the formation of wrinkles. The precise mechanisms are unknown, but may relate to the differences between acute and chronic inflammatory cells and the attendant chemical mediators released by such cells. Alternatively, initiation of a wound healing response, with collagen deposition, may be a mechanism invoked for the premature aged appearance of the skin in chronic inflammation. 

Longaker, M.T. et al., Studies in fetal wound healing, VI. Second and early third trimester fetal wounds demonstrate rapid collagen deposition without scar formation. J. Ped. Surg., 25, 63, 1990. 

Altered collagen formation Impaired lysyl oxidase activity Decreased wound strength because of reduced hydroxyproline content of wound decreased rate of wound healing increased incidence of wound infection... 

The dihydrobenzofuran lignan, 3, 4-O-dimethylcedrusin improved wound healing in vivo by stimulating the formation of fibroblasts and collagen [303],... 

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