Wool, chemistry

Possibly the most important contribution to the study of the chemical reactions of wool in the last 10 years has been an understanding of the role of fiber structural lipids in wool chemistry and technology. The discovery of covalently bound lipids on the surface of the fiber [42,56,57,61,63,254] has provided an explanation for many empirical observations and has suggested possible new approaches to the chemical processing of wool [255]. 

R. S. Asquith, ed.. Chemistry of Natural Protein Fibers, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1977 R. G. Stewart and L. E. Story, Wool Grease A Review of Its... 

Other modifications of acid wool dyes have groups which react by nucleophilic substitution of basic groups ia proteia fibers (NH2 groups, etc). The iatroduction of Procion dyes by ICI ia 1956 was the most important development ia the field of technological azo dye chemistry. Chemically, many of the reactive dyes are prepared from the group of the anionic monoazo dyes (see Dyes, reactive). 

Wool, R.P, Dynamics and fractal structure of polymer interfaces. In Lee, L.-H. (Ed.), New Trends in Physics and Physical Chemistry of Polymers. Plenum Press, New York, 1989, p. 129. 

Other aspects of interfacial science and chemistry are examined by Owen and Wool. The former chapter deals with a widely used chemistry to join disparate surfaces, that of silane coupling agents. The latter chapter describes the phenomenon of diffusion at interfaces, which, when it occurs, can yield strong and durable adhesive bonds. Brown s chapter describes the micromechanics at the interface when certain types of diffusive adhesive bonds are broken. The section on surfaces ends with Dillingham s discussion of what can be done to prime surfaces for adhesive bonding. 

There are relatively few other reactive groups which react by nucleophilic addition and which have achieved significant commercial success. However, one particular system which is worthy of note is the a-bromoacrylamido group, found in the Lanasol dyes (Ciba), which are among the most widely used reactive dyes for wool. The chemistry... 

With Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier devised the system of chemical terms still used today. For the first time, the names of chemical substances described their constituents and proportions astringent Mars saffron became iron oxide, and philosophic wool became zinc oxide. Many contemporaries called Lavoisier s new chemistry The French Science. Today Lavoisier is regarded as the equal of Isaac Newton in physics, Charles Darwin in evolution, or Albert Einstein in relativity. 

Polysiloxanes as shrink-resist finishes have been developed from their traditional uses as softeners and water repellents as such their chemistry is discussed in section 10.10.3. This was a natural trend as many shrink-resist finishes tend to impart a harsh handle to wool. 

In 1952 Hoechst marketed two Remalan vinylsulphone dyes that were capable of reacting with wool. These were applied under near-neutral conditions and functioned by nucleophilic addition across the activated double bond of the vinylsulphone group. The chemistry that had been elucidated in the development of these novel dyes provided a springboard for Hoechst to respond quickly with the first range of Remazol dyes when the possibility of dye-fibre reaction was finally achieved on cellulosic fibres. 

Polymers are integral parts of mankind as building blocks of himself (protein, nucleic acids), his clothing (wool, cotton, polyester), building materials (wood, polystyrene), in the accumulation of knowledge (paper, ink), etc. The polymer industry today is at parity with the total metal-based industry and employs more chemists than all the other areas of chemistry combined. 

Much of the early development of science, including polymer chemistry in the USA, focused on "application" of natural materials to our needs - cotton, wood, flax, rubber, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and wool. 

Some of the founding documents of modern chemistry do explicitly address questions of epistemology. Where they are not explicit, we can reconstruct epistemological views by looking carefully at lectures, textbooks, and journal articles from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. What we find is a plurality of methodologies in the practice of chemistry that belies simplistic stereotypes of a single chemical epistemology. Nineteenth-century chemists were not dyed-in-the-wool instrumentalists or radical skeptics, any more than they were naive empiricists or naive realists. And chemists have not all shared the same views about the aims and methods of their discipline. 

Ammonium acetate is used for preserving meats as a mordant in the dyeing of wool in analytical chemistry for standardization of electrodes, and in titra-... 

Frankie Wood-Black, Conoco-Phillips, Houston, TX Richard P. Wool, University of Delaware, Newark DE Jennifer Young, Green Chemistry Institute, Washington, DC... 

According to Klimov (Ref 2) the tetrafluoride is resistant to deton. However, because of its high reactivity, very sensitive explns result from contact with flammable materials such as acet, polyethylene, wool, paper, sawdust, Al foil, ferric carbonyl, lubricants or styrene Refs 1) J.H. Holloway, Noble-Gas Chemistry , Methuen, London (1968), 95 ff 2) BD. Klimov et al, Explosion Hazard During Work With Fluorine Containing Xenon Compounds , Zh Prikl Khim (Leningrad) 42 (12), 2822-24 (1969) CA 72, 85784 (1970) 3) T.C. 

The chromophoric systems are derived from traditional direct dye chemistry and often only the reactive systems themselves are unique to each producer. Methods have been developed to identify the respective reactive systems (72MI11205). Reactive systems have also been produced for both nylon and wool such as the 5-chloro-2,4-difluoropyrimidinyl system (B-72MI11202) but these have met with much less success than reactive dyes for cellulosics. 

SCHWEITZER S REAGENT. A solution of copper hydroxide in strong ammonia used in analytical chemistry as a test for wool. It dissolves cotton, silk, and linen. 

Much more important commercially are the 2 1 chromium(III) and 2 1 cobalt(III) complexes of tridentate azo compounds, which find a wider application, particularly as dyestuffs for wool, polyamide fibres and leather. These have been the subject of reviews23 24 which discuss their dyeing properties in detail. The patent literature on metal complex dyes of these types is vast but since this relates principally to the achievement of specific, desirable technical effects by appropriate substitution of the azo compounds it will not be considered in detail here. Rather will the emphasis be placed upon those aspects of dyestuffs of this type which are of general interest in the context of their coordination chemistry and, more particularly, on those areas where uncertainties exist or conflicting results have been reported. 

Dibenzotriazocine 213 is useful as a dye for wool, polyesters, or polyacrylonitriles (64USP3133086). The syntheses of 218 (vide supra) and other nitramines were investigated in order to gain insight into the chemistry of nitramine explosives (49JCS1631,49JCS1638) (see Section V, A, 1). 

---