Winding geometry

This equation indicates that the coil sensitivity varies inversely with the diameter of the coil (for a fixed length-to-diameter ratio). For diameters below 3mm, the AC resistance of the coil itself acts as the major noise source, even for lossy biological samples. The resistance depends on both the winding geometry (including wire diameter, number of turns, and turn spacing) and the resistivity of the conductor. 

It is possible to wind integrally most of the bodies of revolution, such as spheres, oblate spheres, and torroids. Each application, however, requires a study to insure that the winding geometry satisfies the membrane forces induced by the configuration being wound. 

Filament winding (Figure 21.57) entails wrapping a rotating mandrel with continuous fiber, with the ability to alter the wind geometries and achieve different architectures. The fiber can be prepreg, wound wet or, more commonly nowadays, wound dry and used in... 

Both coils are constructed in the same way, geometry and number of windings are equal. A permanent sinus current flows through these coils and excites an electromagnetic field around each coils. 

Parameters Affeeting Gas Dispersion A wide variety of parameters affect the dispersion of gases. These include (1) wind speed, (2) atmospheric stability, (3) local terrain characteristics, (4) height of the release above the ground, (5) release geometry, i.e. from a point, line, or area source, ( momentum of the material released, and (7) buoyancy of the material released. 

Values of Cp for simple building geometries may be obtained from the British Standards Institution or from Liddament. The following relationship between wind incident angle a, building side ratio, and average surface pressure coefficient is based on the database developed by Swami and Chandra ... 

Data are available only for simple building geometries. In Allard," a tool for the calculation of wind pressure coefficients for simple geometries is made available, and another tool is described in Knoll et al. Existing wind pressure data have to be examined carefully, because many data represent peak pressure values needed for static building analysis. Real cases with obstructions and buildings in the close surroundings are difficult to handle. Wind-tunnel tests on scale models or CFD analysis will be required. 

This case is the same as case 5 but with wind. Figure 5-8 shows the geometry. The applicable conditions are... 

Exposure water or air flow rate exposure cage geometry air samplers wind direction location (coordinates, and preferably a digital picture) start and end date and time physical appearance after exposure (description, and preferably a digital picture) temperature pH (when organic acids or bases are flie target analytes) suspended matter, and POC and DOC levels (water) or particle (air) levels other observations relevant to QC... 

The effect of wind and tilt on flame geometry has been addressed in the SPFE Handbook (Beyler, 2002). The angle of tilt can be determined from the following equation and used to calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the flame length (see Figure 5-7) ... 

Heat detectors should be spaced to ensure prompt detection of heat given off by incipient fire conditions. Spacing considerations should include the degree of hazard, type of detector used, geometry of the protected area, effects of air handling equipment if it is indoors, or environmental factors (wind, temperature, etc.) if it is outdoors. See NFPA 72 for more information on spacing and installation requirements. 

Two-phase systems are often exposed to turbulent flow conditions in order to maximize the interfacial area of the fluids being contacted. In addition, turbulence is often present in wind tunnels and other laboratory equipment, as well as in nature where it can influence breakup processes (F5). Prediction of drop or bubble sizes in turbulent contacting equipment for any geometry and operating conditions is a formidable problem, primarily because of the inherent theoretical and experimental diflBculties in treating turbulent flows. To these difficulties, which exist in single phase systems, must be added the complexity of interaction of dispersed particles with turbulent flow fields. 

Filament-wound structures are typically cylindrical, spherical, or conical. In the case of cylindrical or conical shapes, there may be domed ends or specially wound flange ends. The fibers and resins can be selected from a wide variety of materials. These material and geometry options make filament winding a versatile manufacturing process. 

Hummler, J., Steiner, K.V. Experimental Study of Robotic Thermoplastic Filament Winding of Complex Geometries (1990) Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware... 

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