Wild crafting

An interesting new aspect regarding the production of essential oils was highlighted by Verlet [2], who associated total production figures with cultivated plants, wild crafting, citrus oils and other tree crops (Table 3.26). 

The selection of plants to be used in herbal remedies can depend on many factors, and their quality is primarily dependent on the taxonomic expertise of individuals that gather them and the skill of those who prepare them for use. Misidentifying or even selecting the incorrect plant part is often the source of other than expected efficacies and adverse reactions. Those who wild-craft may be able to recognize the plants at only the family or generic... 

P. sidoides occurs in the Republic of South Africa throughout the Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State and southern and south-western Gauteng. P. sidoides is found at altitudes ranging from near sea level to 2300m in Lesotho. Most of the material is still wild-crafted in the Eastern Cape Province, but significant quantities of raw material will soon be produced from cultivated, seed-propagated plants. 

An in vitro experiment [45] describes the antiviral effects and mechanisms against HlNl influenza virus of an anthocyanin elderberries extract. The extract was prepared from wild crafted elderberries whieh were extracted using supercritical CO2 at 60 °C and 300 bar for 2 hours, followed by two extractions using ethanokwater (100 mL, 4 1, v/v) ethanol for 2 h each. The combined extraeted slurry was filtered through Fisherbrand P4 filter paper and centrifuged at 537 x g for 20 min. The supernatant was vacuum distilled to remove ethanol, and the final solution eoneentration was about 35 mg/mL. In this optimized extract two antiinfluenza flavonoids were identified 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-(3,4,5-... 

Herbal Medicinal Products Directive (2004/24/ EC) (THMPD) (European Union, 2004). Coming into force in 2011, the Directive will bring consistency and regulation to the herbal medicines market across Europe. In additional to concerns over safety, the increased amount of wild crafting is raising sustainability questions. Of the 40,000-50,000 plant species used in herbal medicines, 70% are wild crafted and 4,000 of those face extinction. The opportunity for commercial cultivation of medicinal herbs has been reviewed (Williamson and MacTavish, 2007). The study identified up to 36 species of plants suitable for cultivation in Northem European agroclimatic conditions or under controlled conditions. The authors reviewed potential volumes and prices and the species with greatest potential for economic development are shown in Table 3. 

Most chemical stndies have been performed on red lingzhi (G. lucidum), including its spores and cultivated biomass (mycelium). Hence, unless otherwise stated, the data reported here are from this fungus and its strains, either wild crafted or cultivated. 

Erect large evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching over 10 m high fruit a kidney shaped berry with one to two seeds, bluish black when ripe, about 1 cm long and 3-4 mm in diameter native to eastern Asia distributed throughout China now cultivated as an ornamental plant in the United States. Part used is the ripe fruit, mostly wild crafted from October to December, rid of impurities and sun dried, or first briefly steamed and then sun dried produced largely in southeastern provinces (zhu). 

Fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. (Family Oleaceae), a deciduous shrub, 2-4 m high, bearing bright golden yellow flowers early in spring native to China, distributed mostly in northern and northeastern provinces cultivated in China also cultivated as an ornamental plant in the United States. Fruit is a dehiscent capsule both the newly ripened (not yet opened) and the fully ripened (opened) fruits are used, with the latter more common, which is also the one imported into the United States. This is mainly wild-crafted in October when the capsule has turned yellow and opened, rid of impurities and sun dried. This lianqiao does not have seeds major producing provinces include Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, and Shandong (zHu). 

Many hterature sources have identified the FA composition of oil-containing plant seeds, which helped us to narrow down the search to a handful of candidate plant families that (1) can be grown under temperate conditions, (2) appear to be malleable in terms of possible domestication, thus removing reliance on wild crafting (the gathering or collecting of uncultivated material from the wild), and (3) meet the commercial proposition intended. 

Densmore, F. How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine and Crafts, Dover Publication New York, NY, 1974 [1928]. 

Vernacular books connected to craft and household alchemy could have gotten lost in the period that also saw the publication of books by Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. And yet, popular manuals made a considerable impact in the lives and occupations of a large part of Europe s literate population. Two examples of vernacular texts that describe practical alchemical processes and that were meant to be read at home or in the workshop can help us understand what real presence they had. One sort we will look at comprises a family of medical literature that was written, in part, for professional communities, but had as well a public presence, and was often consulted by people who desired to make medicines at home or who needed pharmaceutical assistance while on the road. The second type of vernacular literature, from which we can address only a specific specimen, relates to a whole class of books that was wildly popular in the sixteenth century known as books of secrets. ... 

This incident emphasizes a broad imperative for humans to understand betto the dynamics of nature, and to use that understanding to craft a solntion to problems such as this. Mystoy solved now should we spray chemical pesticides, saw down all remaining wild chary trees, or what ... 

That observation by Trussler of the almost forensic degree of close, analytical observation and painstaking craft reminds one of what William Blake referred to as the holiness of the minute particular. It is to see a world in a grain of sand, / And a heaven in a wild flower (Blake, 1971, pp. 741, 585). 

The issue of control has implications for the nature of nature for wilderness, conservation, wild animals and zoos, and in particular animal geographies within the modern critique of social nature. As Whatmore (2002 7) reminds us, social nature and hybrid geographies work to invigorate the repertoire of practices and poetics that keep the promise of the geographical craft alive to the creative presence of creatures and devices among us and the corporeal sensibilities of our diverse human being. 

Some other substances, whose action is quite the contrary of MCPA, can eliminate monocotyledonous weeds from a dicotyledon crop. For this purpose 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon, Dowpon ) is much used. Its mode of action is discussed in Section 9.4. The carbamates, which are mitotic poisons, introduced by Templeman and Sexton (1945), are also available for this purpose. The most selective example is barbane (6.49) (4-chlorobut-2-ynyl N,3 -chlorophenylcarbamate), which suppresses the growth of wild oats in cereal crops (Crafts, 1964). 

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