Whole grain apparent

At the center, the steady-state apparent age is tss = a /(2D), 1.5 times the volume-averaged apparent age of the whole grain. 

We have seen above that mercury does not spontaneously penetrate the pores of the solid in the absence of pressure. This result is used to measure the volume displaced by the material + pores of a solid as a whole. The apparent density (or grain density) p is then calculated using the following expression ... 

Dietary factors, such as fiber, vitamin B6, and phytoestrogen intake, and lifestyle factors such as exercise, smoking, and alcohol use, which are controlled for in most epidemiologic studies, do not explain the apparent protective effect of whole grains... 

Fruit and vegetable fiber has been consistently associated with a lower risk of colon cancer, but the relationship with cereal fiber is less clear. However, whole grain cereals appear to be protective—a further anomaly in the relationships between plant foods and disease risk. These discrepancies may be in the process of resolution. First, it seems that the early observational data were confounded by the analytical technologies available, and the perception that native populations consuming unrefined diets had high fiber intakes is incorrect. It seems likely that they ate relatively little fiber but had high intakes of RS. Population studies have shown a protective effect of apparent RS intake and colorectal cancer risk. The word apparent is pivotal because there is currently no accepted method for RS determination and thus, there are no reliable data on dietary intakes. There are also issues regarding the intakes of dietary fiber and cancer risk. Part of the problem inherent in the study of colonic cancer is that, in contrast to CHD (in which there are easily measurable risk markers such as plasma cholesterol that can be modified by diet), the only indices for colon cancer are not easily measurable ... 

We shall begin our treatment of the subject by a discussion of the instability of a flat surface and the effect of pebbles. In the first instance it is readily apparent that the finite character of grains of sand or soil excludes the possibility of having an absolutely plain surface. If, then, a wind moves over as smooth a surface as it is possible to have, there is a chance that a few particles will be picked up. These will saltate in the manner we have already described, and will set in motion other particles until a condition is reached where the whole surface is in motion. 

In metal alloys, phase transformations and preeipitations at the grain boundaries are generally surface phenomena (on the surface of the grains) and do not apparently rise from the phenomena of nucleation in the bulk. However, if the grains are sufficiently numerous and about the same dimensions, we can make the approximation of a representation in volume of the grain boundaries, which are considered as potential sites. If these sites are located at random, it is possible to apply the whole of the volume of the alloy to the preceding models of Avrami and Erofeev, which one regularly finds in the literature (often without justification). 

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