White lead poisoning

If the normal carbonate is used, the basic carbonate or white lead, Pb(OH),. 2PbCO,. is precipitated. The basic carbonate was used extensively as a base in paints but is now less common, having been largely replaced by either titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. Paints made with white lead are not only poisonous but blacken in urban atmospheres due to the formation of lead sulphide and it is hardly surprising that their use is declining. 

Ochiai, K., K. Jin, M. Goryo, T. Tsuzuki, and C. Itakura. 1993b. Pathomorphologic findings of lead poisoning in white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons). Veterin. Pathol. 30 522-528. 

The zinc sulphate produced in this process can be turned more easily to commercial account than iron sulphate. If to the solution of the zinc sulphate resulting from the process sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is added, a precipitate of hydrated zinc basic carbonate or zinc carbonate is obtained, which on ignition in a furnace yidds zinc oxide (commercially known as zinc white ), water, and carbon dioxide. Zinc white has a commercial value as a basis or body In paints it has one great advantage over white lead, which is used for the same purpose, in that it is far less poisonous. This method of treatment of the residual... 

Poisoning hy Lead.—When compounds of load are token in sueh quantities as to be destructive to life, tho physical indications which are observed differ with the form of combination of the metallic oxide thus, for instance, the acetate of lead acts as an irritant, but tho carbonate—white lead—has no such sotion, or at beat only a very indecisive one tho same may he observed of the oxide and other compounds of lead, especially those of limited solubility. The general physiological effects already mentioned, are guides which do not fail to pant out the cause when death or violont attacks through the poisonous action of lead follows. 

Cooper, B. J., Renny, L. V., and White, R. J., Lead Poisoning of Automobile Emission Control Catalysts—Influence of Emission System and Catalyst Design Characteristics on the Poisoning Mechanism, Am. Chem. Soc.. Symp. Automot. Catal., Chicago Meet., 1975. 

R.F. White, R. Diamond, S. Proctor, C. Morey, and H. Hu, Residual cognitive deficits 50 years after lead poisoning during childhood. Br. J. Ind. Med. 50 613, 1993. 

Poisonous Water-Flint, combined with Veins of White Lead at Eberndorf. It is fatal to drink or wash in it. 

Mineral poisons were also well known in the ancient world. In particular, the ores and compounds of arsenic, antimony, copper, mercury, and lead were familiar to many cultures. Pseudo-Dioscorides detailed the poisonous effects of arsenic (meaning sometimes the sulfide, sometimes the white oxide), litharge (red lead or lead oxide), cinnabar (mercuric sulfide), and white lead (lead acetate). Hippocrates, Nicander, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paul of Aegina wrote clinical accounts of lead poisoning, of which there were occasional epidemics, and miners were known to be at risk from the fumes created by smelting processes. 

Antimony-white paint can withstand the action of water, is as opaque as white lead, is scarcely acted upon by sulphurous fumes or sulphuretted hydrogen, is durable for outside-work painting, and is not poisonous. Furthermore, it possesses more body than zinc white, covers better, and is cheaper. 

Carbonate of lead, PbO, CO, occurs native as white lead spar. Prepared artificially, it is ceruse, or white lead, much used as a white pigment. It is formed bjf the slow action of air, moisture, and the vapour of acetic acid on thin sheets of lead, by which the met is oxidised and carbonated. It is the most poisonous of all the compounds of lead, and is apt to be formed when pure water (as rain water) is kept in leaden cisterns or conveyed in leaden pipes. It is not formed, however, when the water contains ecen a small proportion of saline matter, especially sulphates. These appear to protect the metal, and render the use of it safe. 

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