What Excel Displays

You can display or not display most components of the Excel window, such as menubars, scrollbars, the formula bar, gridlines, row and column headers. 

To turn off the display of the scrollbars, the formula bar, gridlines, row and column headers, or to restore them if they are missing, choose Options... (Excel for Windows) or Preferences... (Excel for the Macintosh) from the Tools menu and choose the View tab then check or imcheck the appropriate box. 

Choose Toolbars from the View menu to display the submenu of available toolbars. The Standard and Formatting toolbars are the default toolbars, but you can display other toolbars by choosing them from the submenu. To learn more about customizing toolbars, see Chapter 19. 

If you choose Options... from the Tools menu and choose the General tab, you can change several default settings that will apply to all future workbooks, such as the number of sheets in a new workbook. You can also switch from using Al-style references in formulas to RlCl-style references the labels in the column header row of each worksheet change from A, B, C. to 1, 2,3. Formulas using RlCl-style references will not be discussed in this book. 

If you place the tip of the mouse pointer on one of the toolbuttons, a yellow ScreenTip box appears, describing the button s function. You can deactivate ScreenTips by choosing Toolbars from the View menu, then Customize... from 

---

Excel displays an error value in a cell if the formula can t be evaluated. The error values, which are DIV/0 , N/A, NAME , NULL , NUM , REF and VALUE , can give you a good idea of what caused the error. They are listed here in the approximate order of frequency with which they are encountered. 

For reasons discussed above, we needed a complementary, ancillary tool for comparison of the mass spectra of components from multiple urine samples. We desired that the procedure have several characteristics (1) requires little if any manual data entry by the operator (2) utilizes data automatically generated by ChemStation and organized into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (3) displays both retention times and mass spectral data in the same window (4) minimizes subjective operator judgments and (5) is simple and rapid to use. What emerged after several iterative improvements are the FindPeak macros discussed below. These are largely due to the expertise of Y. Aubut, with valuable input from J. Eggert. 

Excel stores numbers with 15-significant-figure accuracy. These are displayed in the formula bar and used in all calculations, no matter what number formatting has been applied. Thus the fraction 1/3 appears in the formula bar as 0.333333333333333, and n as 3.14159265358979. 

Excel Tip. If you have trouble locating the code module containing your macro, here s what to do "when all else fails" choose Macro from the Tools menu and Macros... from the submenu. Highlight the name of the macro in the Macro Name list box, and press the Edit button. This will display the code module sheet containing the Visual Basic code. 

According to Bohn, the study of chemistry was fundamental to perfecting all the other arts and sciences. No one who wished to be successful in medicine could ignore chemistry, and the real professors of natural philosophy in our age, he noted, were men of the body who understood the texture, nature, and structure of the body s various parts. Most of all, however, the universality of chemistry consisted in the fact that it alone displayed the means by which mixed bodies were dissolved and their textures transformed. Chemistry could thus alter the innate properties of bodies and direct them into other things. It is incredible, says Bohn, how much power the chemist has. It was this noble and excellent part of philosophy that Bohn had loved. . . since boyhood. What he really loved, however, was the power to make things different than they were before, to force nature, as it were, into different shapes and structures, and from that to learn what was fundamental to her construction. In this, as we shall see, Bohn shared an important attitude toward the creation of knowledge that had recently been expressed in a more philosophical setting as the experimental method. 

All the criteria so far discussed are certainly important but it is also crucial that what is provided meets the patient s reasonable expectations with regard to quality in the broad sense [10]. The meaning of quality at one level may be to equate it to effectiveness, but the definition of quality certainly goes beyond a reflection of how patients perceive the effectiveness of the services they receive. The definition of quality is also likely to differ depending on cultural expectations and values, as well as the nature of the health care system through which pharmaceutical services are delivered. For example, a US patient may equate quality to freedom of choice, while a patient in the UK may equate it to shorter waiting times or to reduced variations in services across the system. Expert definitions of quality include the dimensions of access, appropriateness, and technical and/or interpersonal excellence as measured by the health outcomes achieved [3,10]. Therefore access to pharmaceutical services (i.e. availability of prescribers, pharmacies and medicines) should be appropriate to what patients need and delivered in a manner that displays good levels of professional practice. 

---