Wear-out

No contact with the material, no moving parts to wear out or corrode Unaffected by changes in the tension or stiffness of the conveyor belt Direct readout and adaptabiUty to modem controls... 

The braking torque of the shoe brakes may diminish with the number of operations. The heat of braking wears out the brake linings. The extent of fading will depend upon the braking torque to deeelerate the heavy loads nid frequeney of its operations. They mtiy also need replaeement of the brake linings, similar to an automotive vehiele. 

In many cases, the most frequent cause of equipment outage is the lubrication system. Because magnetic bearings do not wear out, and do eliminate oil, pumps, filters, coolers, and regulating and mixing valves, the potential for improved reliability is obvious. Reliability is also enhanced by the control system, which offers continuous real-time protection. The system automatically shuts down before machinery damage can occur. 

Wearout period - Failure occurs when the product reaches the end of its effective life and begins to degenerate and wear out. In detail, these can be described as ... 

Pure preventive maintenanee alone eannot eliminate breakdowns. Breakdowns oeeur due to many faetors sueh as, design and or manufaeturing errors, operational errors, and wearing out of various eomponents. Thus, ehanging out eomponents at fixed intervals does not solve the problems and in some eases adds to the problem. A study at a major nuelear power station indieated that nearly 35% of the failures oeeurred within a month of a major turnaround. Figure 21-2 shows the life eharaeteristies of a major pieee of turbomaehinery. 

Cause Design Manufacturing Errors Operational Errors Wear Out... 

If possible, eliminate inherently weak equipment like sight glasses, hoses, rotameters, bellows, expansion joints, and most plastic equipment. The spare parts consumption from the shop and warehouse will indicate what is wearing out. 

You cannot assume that if the process is stable at the end of the day shift it will remain so throughout the night shift. Tools may wear out or break, the process may go out of control, materials may need to be replenished, etc. All of these require decisions. The reason for this requirement is so that there are staff on each shift who are authorized to ... 

Sections 9.1.6 (c) and 9.2.1 (h) drew attention to the hazards of using old equipment. Similar remarks apply to old software except that, unfortunately, it never wears out. I do not know of any incidents in the process industries due to this cause, but it was responsible for the loss of the European space rocket Ariane 5. A function that no longer served any purpose was left in for commonality reasons, and the decision to do so was not analyzed or fully understood [14]. In another incident, cancer patients received excessive doses of radiation because operators were able to enter data faster than the computer could process them. This had always been the case, but originally a hardwired interlock had prevented... 

The rate of failure increases as the equipment ages. This can be tenned as wear out failure. 

Past experience indicates tliat tlie wear-out time of tliis electronic device, like tliat of a large variety of products in many different industries, tends to be... 

Abgratschrott, m. trimmings, abgreifen, v.t. read off wear out. tbgrenzbar, a. definable, limitable. tbgrenzen, z.t. mark off bound define. Abgrenzung, /. demarcation, boundary. 

AusUfis-rdhre, /. outlet tube or pipe, discharge pipe, -ventil, n. escape valve, delivery valve. Auslauf, m. outlet, mouth running out outflow, discharge leaking, leak outrun, outspread start projection, auslaufen, v.i. run out leak out, leak blot (of colors) run, bleed project wear out, play out stop running set out. 

Austragi m. decision, issue discharge, austragen, v.t. deliver discharge distribute carry out wear out decide report.—v.i. amount cease bearing. 

Verschleiss, m. wear (and tear) retail, sale, verschleissen, v.t. wear out retail, verschleissfest, a. resistant to wear. Verschleissfestigkeit, /. resistance to wear, wearing qiiality. 

Zerreibung,/. pulverization, trituration, zerreissbar, a. capable of being tom or rent, zerrelssen, v.t. tear, lacerate, break, rend, rupture wear out. 

Operating costs, in contrast, are more straightforward to determine because they depend on system efficiency, which, in turn, is related to voltage and current density (the current generated per unit area of electrolyte). Fuel savings are expected since the fuel cell operates more efficiently than a heat engine, and there may be lower maintenance and repair costs because fuel cells have fewer moving parts to wear out. 

Eriction and wear is even more important for national security. Downtime of militaiy hardware as parts wear out and lower output power of militaiy engines due to high friction can contribute to decreased effectiveness of the militaiy and increases... 

NOTE Light loads can cause rope to wear out from fatigue prior to accumulation of anticipated ton-miles. 

Bearing defects are one of the most common faults identified by vibration monitoring programs. Although bearings do wear out and fail, these defects are normally symptoms... 

Mechanical seals offer a more reliable seal than compressed packing seals. Because the spring in a mechanical seal exerts a constant pressure on the seal ring, it automatically adjusts for wear at the faces. Thus, the need for manual adjustment is eliminated. Additionally, because the bearing surface is between the rotating and stationary components of the seal, the shaft or shaft sleeve does not become worn. Although the seal will eventually wear out and need replacing, the shaft will not experience wear. 

When a corporation constructs a new plant, the firm expects that it will last for a number of years. It is expected that when the plant begins producing it will be worth the outlay of funds needed to construct it. However, as the plant runs it tends to wear out and/or become obsolete. Depreciation is the means by which this loss in value can be deducted as a business expense. 

When the government wishes to encourage construction it can give permission for a fast tax write-off. This means the company can depreciate the plant much faster than it will wear out. This practice has been prevalent in war years when the government needed to have certain defense plants built. It has been proposed that this method might be used to encourage companies to install pollution-reducing systems. 

Compact discs (CDs), which may be found in over 25 million American homes, not to mention backpacks and automobiles, first entered popular culture in the 1980s. But their history goes back to the 1960s, when an inventor named James Russell decided to create an alterna-(5) five to his scratched and warped phonograph records—a system that could record, store, and replay music without ever wearing out. 

---