Weapons, conventional nuclear

A new area of research concerns exposure assessment for beryllium in the production of nuclear weapons at nuclear defense industries. A safe level of exposure to beryllium is still unknown. Potential explanations include (1) the current exposure standard may not be protective enough to prevent sensitization, or (2) past exposure surveillance may have underestimated the actual exposure level because of a lack of understanding of the complexity of beryllium exposures. Task-based exposure assessment provides information not directly available through conventional sampling. It directly links exposure to specific activity associated with contaminant generation and provides in-depth evaluation of the worker s role in a specific task. In-depth task analysis is being used to examine physical, postural, and cognitive demands of various tasks. 

M. Mesilaakso and A. Niederhauser, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the analysis of chemicals related to the chemical weapons convention, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2000, 1026-1055. 

M. Mesilaakso, and A. Niederhauser, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in analysis of chemicals related to the chemical weapons convention, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R.A. Meyers (Ed.), Copyright John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2000, pp. 1026-1055. M. Soderstrom, Fourier transform infrared in onsite and off-site analysis of chemicals related to the chemical weapons convention, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R.A. Meyers (Ed.), Copyright John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2000, pp. 943-963. 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention... 

The organophosphorus nerve agents and their analogues have been well characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). In recent years, efforts have been made to compile comprehensive spectroscopic data bases in support of analysis required for verification of compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention (see Section XIV). Compilations of spectroscopic data are included in the series of Blue Books for the verification of chemical disarmament, published by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland "". These volumes address the application of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques to verification analysis ... 

Sanches M L, Russell C R, Randolph C L (1993). Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Signatures Analysis Technical Analysis. Defense Nuclear Agency, Alexandria, VA, pp. B171-788. 

Fig. 30-1. Toxicity, in mouse LD50 (see Table 30-2), plotted against the quantity of toxin required to provide a theoretically effective open-air aerosol exposure, under ideal meteorological conditions, to an area of 100 km2. Although the toxicity is based on direct studies with mice, it is believed to be very similar in humans. The mathematical model corrects for human parameters such as respiration. Ricin, saxitoxin, and botulinum, and trichothecene mycotoxins (T-2) kill at the concentrations depicted. Adapted from Spertzel RO, Wannemacher RW, Patrick WC, Linden CD, Franz DR. Technical Ramifications of Inclusion of Toxins in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Alexandria, Va Defense Nuclear Agency 1992 18. DNA Technical Report 92-116.

Adapted from Spertzel RO, Wannemacher RW, Patrick WC, Linden CD, Franz DR. Technical Ramifications of Inclusion of Toxins in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Alexandria, Va Defense Nuclear Agency 1992 13. DNA Technical Report 92-116. 

Dirty bomb versus atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The atomic explosions that occurred in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were conventional nuclear weapons involving a fission reaction. A dirty bomb is designed to spread radioactive material and contaminate a small area. It does not include the fission products necessary to create a large blast like those seen in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 

Table 7 Chemical Weapons Conventions Schedule of Chemicals 284 Table 8 Chemical Weapons Foreign Technology Assessment Summary 285 Table 9 Nuclear Weapons Foreign Technology Assessment Summary 287 Table 10 Selected Regime Participants 288...

The biological environment may be disrupted in many ways as a result of weapons technologies. Nuclear weapons production, testing, use, and disposal may release ionizing radiation shells hardened with depleted uranium also release ionizing radiation. Conventional and chemical weapons may release toxic substances... 

The nations of the world should negotiate a Nuclear Weapons Convention that mandates the abolition of nuclear weapons. 

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE VERIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION... 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) for the verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has the same basic aim as conventional NMR Unknown substances should be identified by recording spectra with high resolution and sensitivity and subsequent comparison to a spectral database or the expert s experience. 

Decides that none of the obligations set forth in this resolution shall be interpreted so as to conflict with or alter the rights and obligations of State Parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention or alter the responsibilities of the International Atomic Energy Agency or the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ... 

CHINA. As of 2006, the People s Republic of China (PRC) was estimated to possess 145 operational strategic nuclear weapons. China is thought to possess operational tactical nuclear weapons as well, although no unclassified information is available regarding numbers and types of such weapons. The PRC is a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and has declared that it possesses chemical weapons (CW) abandoned on its territory by Japan during World War II. It is estimated that at least 700,000 abandoned chemical weapons (ACW) are located in the PRC, mainly in the northeastern provinces. The nature and scope of a Chinese biological weapons (BW) program, if one exists or did exist, are unknown. 

INDIA. India has a well-developed nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) and ballistic missile defense establishment. It is currently destroying a chemical weapon (CW) stockpile in accordance with its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention(CWC). India has conducted at least six tests of nuclear weapons and was estimated to possess 50 nuclear warheads as of 2006. India is not a party to the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). See also ATOMS FOR PEACE SMILING BUDDHA. 

As to the dollar-value of the Arsenal, its facilities are valued at over 500,000,000. The nature of these facilities varies, from the conventional to the nuclear. Conventional ammunition production lines, control laboratories and inspection systems are maintained in stand-by and are occasionally used in experimental or pilot-lot production. Nuclear weapons ammunition, components and devices are developed and produced in the. necessarily special research laboratories, proof-testing facilities and production and pilot assembly lines... 

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