Weak emergence

The opposite to strong emergence is weak emergence, a point of view that more pragmatically asserts that the relationship between the whole and the parts may not be established because of technical difficulties, such as the lack of computational power or insufficient progress of our skills. Atmanspacher and Bishop (2002) discuss at length this point. 

Personally, I believe that the discrimination between a matter of principle (strong emergence), and a matter of practical difficulty (weak emergence), is not always possible - and perhaps it does not always make sense. Take the case of myoglobin, with its 143 amino-acid residues. Can the properties of myoglobin be predicted on the basis of the properties of the twenty amino acids ... 

After reading this chapter, do you adhere more to the view of strong emergence - or weak emergence ... 

Bedau, M. A. (1997). Weak emergence. In Philosophical Perspectives Mind, Causation and World, ed. J. Tomberlin. Malden Blackwell, vol. 11, pp. 375-99. 

Weakly Emergent Resihence - the resihence resulting fiwm a combination of individual agent properties. The resilient macroscopic behavior cannot be predicted without performing a simulation... 

The inhalation toxicity of NF on animals has been studied extensively (37—40). These studies provide the basis of emergency exposure limits (EEL) that have been proposed for NE. The NAS—NRC Committee on Toxicology recommends that the EEL for NE be 10 min at 2250 ppm, 30 min at 750 ppm, and 60 min at 375 ppm. Gaseous NE is considered to be innocuous to the skin and a minor irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes. NE does give a weakly positive metabotically activated Ames test but only at concentrations greater than 2% or 10 times the 10 minute EEL. 

The simulation data, represented in Figs. 27(a-c), confirms Eq. (57) in the region of weak /tot BN < 4) for A = 8, 16, 32 at dilute regimes whereby the values for Dq have been measured for the same system in equilibrium [20] (cf. Sec, VIIB). Substantial discrepancies emerge only for high density of the medium. 

For tank design per API Standard 650 with weak roof to shell designs (roof lifts up) the venting requirements of API-Std-2000 do not apply for emergency venting to atmosphere or elsewhere. 

Weak roof-to-shell attachment for fixed roof tanks, as per API-Std-650 for Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage. The joint fails and excess pressure can be relieved (above the normal design provided). Such tanks do not require additional emergency vent equipment however, it can be provided in order to prevent the roof seam failure with its attendant replacement/ maintenance requirements. This type can only be used outside of a building, not confined. 

According to Hosemann-Bonart s model8), an oriented polymeric material consists of plate-like more or less curved folded lamellae extended mostly in the direction normal to that of the sample orientation so that the chain orientation in these crystalline formations coincides with the stretching direction. These lamellae are connected with each other by some amount of tie chains, but most chains emerge from the crystal bend and return to the same crystal-forming folds. If this model adequately describes the structure of oriented systems, the mechanical properties in the longitudinal direction are expected to be mainly determined by the number and properties of tie chains in the amorphous regions that are the weak spots of the oriented system (as compared to the crystallite)9). 

Stratified beds In some bed designs, and by use of carefully graded resins with specifically different densities, it is possible to combine both weak and strong resins in a single compartment vessel, in a stratified manner. There is a 100% freeboard. Supply water is from the top down, with the weak resin on top and the strong resin below. The treated water emerges from the bottom of the vessel. 

The following qualitative picture emerges from these considerations in weak flow where the molecular coils are essentially undeformed, the polymer solution should behave approximately as a Newtonian fluid. In strong flow of a highly dilute polymer solution where the macroscopic velocity field can still be approximated by the Navier-Stokes equation, it should be expected, nevertheless, that in the immediate proximity of a chain, the fluid will be slowed down because of the energy intake to stretch the molecular coil thus, the local velocity field may deviate from the macroscopic description. In the general case of polymer flow,... 

Today s ELN market is characterized by a number of niche providers, focusing their solutions on particular vertical markets, and general solution providers, delivering systems that are implemented across a broad range of disciplines. These two approaches are both very valid, having their own strengths and weaknesses. One trend that does seem to be emerging is a... 

The key recognitive skill required to carry out the above tasks is the formation of a mental model of the process operations that fits the current facts about the process and enables the operators to correctly assess process behavior and predict the effects of possible control actions. Correct mental models of process operations have allowed operators to overcome the weakness of lost sensors and conflicting trends, even under the pressure of an emergency (Dvorak, 1987), whereas most of the operational mishandlings are due to an erroneous perception as to what is going on in the process (O Shima, 1983). 

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