WAXD pattern

Fig. 9.2 WAXD patterns of HTO, syn-FH and MMT intercalated with qC14(OH)+. Reprinted from [18], 2006, Wiley-VCH.

Figure 11.16 shows the wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) pattern of an oriented PTT and indices of some of the reflections. Although PTT has a 002 reflection, the intensity is weak. It is also not a true meridianal reflection, being offset from the meridian by about 3°. The offset reflections are so close to each other that they overlap and appear as one meridianal reflection [39], and could not... 

Figure 11.16 PTT WAXD pattern and indices of the reflections [45]. From Polym. Bull., Crystal orientation function of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, Chuah, H. H. and Chang, B. T. A., 46, p. 310, Figure 2, Copyright Springer-Verlag (2001). Reproduced by permission of Springer-Verlag GmbH Co. KG...

Fig. 26 WAXD patterns of XNBR reinforced with different amounts of organoclay (a), and...

Fig. 32 WAXD patterns of NBR compounds reinforced with 5 phr organoclay and cured by sulfur (a), peroxide (b), and NBR master batch (c) (without curatives and uncrosslinked)...

Fig. 34 WAXD patterns of 5 phr organoclay-filled peroxide-crosslinked NBR in the presence of different vulcanizing ingredients...

Fig. 38 WAXD patterns of stearic acid, clay, and swollen clay. The swollen clay was prepared by mixing stearic acid and organically modified clay (Nanofil-15) at the ratio of 1 1...

Fig. 40 WAXD patterns of non-polar rubbers (a) and polar rubbers filled with 20 phr swollen clay (b). All the vulcanized rubbers contain some curing ingredients like organic accelerator, zinc oxide, etc...

Fig. 50 WAXD patterns of CR and XNBR and their blends obtained from self-crosslinking top) and sulfur crosslinking bottom) processes...

The structural anisotropy in crystalline or structurally ordered BPDA-PFMB films was studied in this laboratory with wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) methods. In brief, WAXD experiments were designed to examine both the reflection and transmission modes of thin-fihn samples. In addition, uniaxially oriented polyimide fiber WAXD patterns were obtained to aid in the identification of the film structure. The film WAXD pattern obtained from the reflection mode corresponded well to the fiber pattern scanned along the equatorial direction (Figure 16.3), " which indicates that the reflection mode pattern represents the (hkQ) diffractions. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 16.4, the (001) diffractions were predominant in the film WAXD pattern obtained via the transmission mode. This pattern corresponded to the fiber pattern scanned along the meridian direction. These experimental observations clearly indicate that the c-axes of the crystals are preferentially oriented parallel to the film surface however, within the film, they are randomly oriented. 4.2 5 j( should be pointed out that the WAXD experiments are only sensitive to crystalline or ordered structures in polyimide films. They do not provide any information on the amorphous regions. 

Fig. 12. Three dimensional plot of the WAXD patterns for the 60/40 copolymer as a function of temperature during heating followed by cooling...

Long-range ordering (crystallinity) in starch granules is demonstrated by x-ray diffraction (Chapter 6). WAXD patterns of starches correspond to one of the two limiting polymorphs (A or B) or the combination C form, the C-pattem being a superposition of A- and B-patterns.28 29 The A form is typical of cereal starches, while... 

Figure 20.2 sPS/PPE blends (75 25 wt%) at different isothermal crystallization temperatures. (a) DSC thermograms (b) WAXD patterns. Reprinted from Polymer, vol. 39, Hong B. K., Jo W. H., Lee S. C., Kim J., Correlation between melting behavior and polymorphism of sPS and its blends with PPE , p. 1793, Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science... 

Duff et al. [27] reported a study made by means of DSC and WAXD on SPS/ PPE blends of various compositions, precipitated from ethylbenzene solutions, compression molded at 330 °C for 2 min and then slowly cooled to room temperature. In particular, the WAXD patterns show that in sPS-rich blends (>50 50 wt%) sPS is in a 0 or (3 form, while small amounts of a are present in the 50 50 wt% blend. The kinetics of crystallization and the mechanism of nucleation of sPS were investigated under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions as a function of blend composition and molecular weights of the components. The experimental curves show that the half-time to crystallization, t j2, increases with increasing content and molecular weight of PPE, but is not influenced by the molecular weight of sPS. The crystallization kinetics were... 

Fig. 7 a Two-dimensional WAXD patterns of POSS-containing nanohybrid polyurethanes at stretching ratio of (A) 0 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 300, and (E) 400%. The exposure time of each pattern was 1 min. b WAXD profiles of POSS-containing nanohybrid polyurethanes along the equatorial direction at different strains. The asterisk symbol indicates the strain-induced crystallization of the soft segments [82]... 

FIGURE 3.12. WAXD patterns of Alq3 as it is annealed at 145°C. The initial amorphous hump resolves rapidly into crystalline peaks. 

Figure 11. WAXD patterns of Ultem/Vectra (70/30) blends drawn in the first zone with various draw ratios, (a) D.R.=19, (b) D.R.-6.3, (c) D.R.-1.8.

Fig. 12 WAXD patterns of as-received (a), precipitated (b), and coalesced (c) high molecular weight i-PB...

Figure 2.29 A WAXD pattern of highly oriented polymer crystals with their reciprocal lattices and the Ewald sphere.

Figure 2.30 shows an example of a WAXD pattern of Kevlar fibers. The fiber axis is perpendicular to the incident X-ray beam and aligned in the meridianal plane. The [hkl] diffraction... 

Figure 2.31 A WAXD pattern of a composite sample containing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) fibrils and nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HA). The arrow indicates the drawing direction in the composite sample.

Fig. 25. WAXD pattern of a bundle of PEI 91 fibres (as spun) recorded parallel to the fibre axes...

Nematic melts are also formed by PEIs based on imide diphenol alkylene diester (3). WAXD patterns and optical microscopy indicate a layered structure in the crystalline state melting to a nematic phase, once more with a strong odd-even effect of the isotropisation temperature [16]. 

Figure 4. WAXD patterns of the nonaromatic polyimide films.

The results from the in situ X-ray study of propylene-based ethylene-propylene copolymer during tensile deformation (36) are described as follows, because the deduced molecular mechanism appears to be universal in all elastomeric polyolefin copolymers. The stress-strain curves and selected WAXD patterns during extension up to strain 5.0 and subsequent retraction back to strain 1.7 (i.e., at zero stress) in the first deformation cycle are shown in Fig. 8.22. 

Figure 8.22 Stress-strain curves and selected WAXD patterns during extension and retraction in the first cycles. Each image was taken at the average strain indicated by the arrow. (Reproduced from Reference (36) with permission from American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 8.27 Stress-strain curves and selected WAXD patterns acquired during stretching of pure copolymer (unfilled circles) and 10 wt% nanocomposite (filled circles) at room temperature. (Reproduced from Reference (49) with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

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