Waves, electric velocity

The velocity of current or voltage waves in any medium is called the velocity of propagation of electricity in that medium. The velocity of electromagnetic waves (electricity) through a conductor is a measure of line or conductor parameters through which it propagates and is represented by... 

The mixtures were placed in transparent round latex flasks. Initiation was in the center. With their method, it was possible to record spherical detonation waves whose velocities were the same as when these mixtures were detonated in tubes. The waves usually originated very near the ignition source (electric spark or electric primer), but in some cases there was a brief predetonation period... 

Turning instead to the possibility of matching the incident and reflected waves to EMS waves in the vacuum region, we consider the two cases of parallel and perpendicular polarization of the electric field of the incident wave. For an EMS wave the velocity C is now expressed by... 

Other into the material whose shock wave velocity is to be determined. This distance limits the measuring length at vdiich the shock wave mean velocity is to be determined. The twined ends of the copper wires are placed into the holes made in the material so that the tip of the wire touches the copper foils. Since the copper wires are insulated, there is no electric contact between the wires and the foils. As the shock wave arrives, the varnish insulation of the copper wire will be destroyed, and thus the electric contact between the wire and the foil will be established. As soon as the electric contact is established, a voltage signal will be produced The signal will be recorded on the oscilloscope or will be used for the start/stop of the electronic counter counting assembly. 

When the TWT is amplifying, the traveling wave electric field grows as it travels. Therefore, the magnitude of the velocity modulation also grows as the electronic waves travel in the beam. 

The detection of gas analytes using acoustic wave (AW) sensors can be based on changes in one or more of the physical characteristics of a thin film or layer in contact with the device surface (Ballantine et al. 1997). Some of the intrinsic film properties that can be utilized for gas detection include mass/ area, elastic stiffness (modulus), viscoelasticity, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and permittivity. Variations in any of these parameters alter the mechanical and/or electrical boundary conditions producing a measurable shift in the propagating acoustic wave phase velocity, v . Equation (13.1) illustrates the change in acoustic phase velocity, Av, as a result of external perturbations, assuming that the perturbations are small and linearly combined (Ippolito et al. 2009) ... 

Signal from the photodiode. Thus, we measured th response of the system at the frequency of the oscillating electric field. In Fig. 10 we show the result for a = 0.5-wt.% gel of PDA (4BCMU) in toluene. One sees five equally separated resonances. Using the resonance condition for zero displacement at the boundaries n( /2) = d where is the wavelength of the nth mode, we obtain the slow wave sound velocity (v ) from the simple normal-mode equation v (v A ) = n (v /2d). From Fig. 10, v s 33 cm s. ... 

For a type II interaction, the fundamental wave electric fields are orthogonally polarized and are differentiated by their phase velocity. The corresponding phase-matching equations for refractive indices are given by... 

Basically, Newtonian mechanics worked well for problems involving terrestrial and even celestial bodies, providing rational and quantifiable relationships between mass, velocity, acceleration, and force. However, in the realm of optics and electricity, numerous observations seemed to defy Newtonian laws. Phenomena such as diffraction and interference could only be explained if light had both particle and wave properties. Indeed, particles such as electrons and x-rays appeared to have both discrete energy states and momentum, properties similar to those of light. None of the classical, or Newtonian, laws could account for such behavior, and such inadequacies led scientists to search for new concepts in the consideration of the nature of reahty. 

The most common form of energy deposition used for planar shock wave research has been electrical resistance heating of a metal foil which vaporizes, driving a flyer plate to a high velocity before it impacts a specimen. In a hybrid system incorporation both resistance vaporization and an electromagnetic push, velocities to 18 km/s are reported for kapton flyer plates which are... 

In the plus-x orientation, the region behind the plastic wave is treated as a conductor. Accordingly, in the electrical model, the left electrode is moving with the velocity of the plastic wave. Otherwise, the analysis proceeds as in the case of the elastic-dielectric. For convenience it is assumed that 3 = 2 = i. The thicknesses of the two dielectric regions are = I and I2 — ([/, — U2)t. Solution for the current is then... 

In general, detonation test apparatus consists of a steel tube that is filled with the substance under investigation. One end of the tube is provided with a booster charge consisting of an electric detonator covered by detonative material. The other end is either closed or provided with a witness plate. One type of steel tube apparatus is provided with a velocity probe to record the shock wave velocity as shown in Figure 2.28. 

This wave of excitation travels at about 120 m./sec. in the nerve of man at 37°. It should be noted that this value is much leas than that of an electric current through a moist conductor. The temperature coefficient of the velocity of conduction in nerve is about 1-8 for a rise of 10°, and is of the same order as 1 Hodgkin, Biol. Rev. 1951, 26, 379. 

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