Shock wave velocity

In general, detonation test apparatus consists of a steel tube that is filled with the substance under investigation. One end of the tube is provided with a booster charge consisting of an electric detonator covered by detonative material. The other end is either closed or provided with a witness plate. One type of steel tube apparatus is provided with a velocity probe to record the shock wave velocity as shown in Figure 2.28. 

Shock and adiabatic compression ratio Shock wave velocity (m/s) T(K) Behind shock T(K) After compression... 

Description of exptl procedures is given on pp 1930-34 of Ref 15a. A schematic, arrangement for delivery of plane shock wave and for measuring shock-wave velocities for shock strengths from 10 to 90 kbar in the specimens and the free-surface velocity of the specimen plate is shown in Fig 2,. p 1930. 

The various shock-producing systems were calibrated by using free-surface velocity measurements of specimen plates and corresponding shock-wave velocities obtd from the known equations of state of the specimen plate materials. Accdg to Footnote 4 on p 1931 of Ref 15a, the free-surface velocity for a plane shock wave is almost twice the particle velocity"... 

Measurements of the transit times of weak shock waves ( 10Q bar) were used to obtain sound wave velocities in larger specimens than listed in Table II. In the arrangement of Fig 3 a cylinder (or slab) of the expl was immersed in a Plexiglas container filled with water. Initiation of the detonator produced a shock wave which arrived nearly plane thru the water at the surface of the expl specimen. The motion of wave was recorded by a smear camera using a shadowgraph technique. Plots of Us up relationships showed that the resulting curves were nearly straight lines and that for particle velocities, up, from 0.3 to 1.2 mm/ftsec, shock wave velocities are ... 

Khristoforov, ZhPriklMekhan i TekhnFiz 1961, No 6, 175-82 CA 56, 14520(1962) (Parameters of the front of the shock wave in air at detonation of PETN and LA of various densities) 66a) N.L. Colburn B.E. Drimmer, "Spherical Shock Waves in Water", ApS (American Physical Society) Bulletin, Ser II, Vol 7, p 20 (Jan 24, 1962) 66b) G.G. Rempel, pp 561-76 in "Teoriya Vzryvchatykh Veshchestv , Sbornik Statey, edited by K.K. Andreev, Moscow (1963) (Determination of shock-wave velocities required for initiation of detonation in explosives) CA 59, 11180(1963) 66c)D.F. 

Rarefaction waves were also considered by Kistiakowsky Wilson, and it. was shown that in the case of rarefaction no discontinuity can occur and the detonation wave is followed by an advancing rarefaction wave. Tables, constructed by them with.the aid of the eqs 11, 12 8t 13, of the peak values of the temp, pressure, density, and shock wave velocity as functions of the peak value of the particle velocity for shock waves in air. and water are given in Ref 29b... 

After the discussion of reflection phenomena at boundaries, a method was described for the calcn of the initial shock wave velocity for a shock wave initiated by a plane deton wave. It was also shown that the Riemann r (See our eq... 

Explosive Density Shock-wave Velocity, m/sec Shock-wave to Deton Velocity... 

C. Fauquignon et al, 4thONRSymp Deton (1965), p 39 (Listed as "Water or plexiglas induced shock wave velocity , without giving its description)... 

Shock Wave Velocity See under Rate of Detonation (last paragraph)... 

Shock Wave Velocity Measurements for Small Charges... 

Detonation, induced shock wave velocity in water plexiglas by 4 D676... 

The character of the solution is independent of the concrete form of the pressure decrease law at the piston it(t), described by the dimensionless function f(t/r), only if / decreases fast enough for large values of t/r. In particular, it is unimportant whether / increases continuously or discon-tinuously at t < r. Even for a continuous increase of the gas pressure, a shock wave will form with a pressure amplitude of the order of the maximum pressure P at the piston. The shock wave velocity here is of order D yjP/p0, so that some small mass of gas, of order Dp0r r is subjected to a shock compression of amplitude P. After the pressure at the piston goes to zero this gas, extending into the vacuum, attains a velocity of order u0 y/P/p0, and at the time t it will be located at a point x — u0t tyfP/p0. So, for example, if f(t/r) = 1 at 0 < t < t/r < 1 and... 

Sakurai (Ref 120) determined the "shock wave velocity" of AN at an apparent d of... 

In addition to the shock wave velocity it is necessary, in a system where the density does not uniquely determine the composition (and this includes all but the very simplest chemical systems of interest), to measure some concentration function in order to follow the reaction. This is one of the greatest experimental difficulties associated with the method, since the changes occur so rapidly. Where possible, the concentration change is followed spectrophotometrically. This concentration monitoring is the second function of the observation points in Fig. 3. Especially for species with line spectra, the small optical density change, coupled with the fast response-time necessary, excludes the use of a conventional spectrophotometer. An example of a detection system which has been used for the hydrogen/oxygen... 

Clearly, the pressure oscillations in Figure 9 are associated with the spin, for, when the frequency of the oscillations is divided into the shock wave velocity, the wave length so obtained is just equal to the pitch of the helix as measured from the photograph (Figure 8). Subsequently, vibrations of this type have been observed in pressure records from many detonations (14)-... 

The velocity of the shock wave depends on the interstitial fluid velocities at the leading and trailing edges of the wave. These are related, since the shock wave velocities for both components A and B are equal, for cases in which pressure varies ... 

FIGURE 14.1-3 Solute movement solution for pulse of one nonlinear component (a) solute movement diagram, = shock wave velocity and (b) predicted product concentrations. 

Now the shock wave velocity depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the shock wave. The resulting shock wave is shown in Figure 18-17B and the oudet concentration is shown in Figure 18-17C. 

Substituting in the values of parameters, except for Aq/Ac, the shock wave velocity is... 

The shock wave velocity can be calculated from Eq. f 18-341 or from experimental data. 

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