Waves and swell

Waves and swell will not only induce excessive vertical and horizontal movements of the dredgers, barges, floating pipelines and other ancillary equipment, but may also affect the working conditions of the crew and the construction methods. 

The response of dredging equipment to swell and waves depends on characteristics of the equipment such as  

Although each individual vessel has its own specific response, in general, increasing the size and weight of plant will reduce its sensitivity to waves and swell. 

As a result of their increased flexibihty floating reinforced rubber pipelines are generally more able to resist swell, waves and movements of the dredger than steel pipelines. As it is placed on the seabed a sinker line is not or only minimally susceptible to sea conditions, but the installation of such a pipeline in adverse conditions could be very difficult. 

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The wave frequency spectrum gives priority to unimodal characteristics it suggests that the measured sea area is affected by the superimposition of wind wave and swell. 

As a CTD cast starts, the conductivity cell is the sensor to identify best the transition from air to water because of the large gradient from zero measurement at deck to ocean surface values. However, waves and swell will not allow the CTD to be immersed into the water... 

Wave and swell observations for both normal and storm conditions ... 

For wind waves and swell of relatively large steepness, random wave breaking begins at large depths compared with swell of small steepness. Thus, the former waves do not exhibit conspicuous wave nonlinearity. 

Generation of high-frequency gravity waves (wind waves and swell) and subsequent transfer of energy into larger scale, lower frequency motions due to nonlinearity. 

If not made available in the information provided with the tender documents most dredging Contractors consult special databases to collect information on the characteristics of waves and swell near or at the future project site. In addition, during execution of their projects they gather information on the specific responses of their equipment when exposed to sea conditions. When tendering, they estimate the efficiency and operational days of their equipment based on these data. 

Because reduction of the disulfide bond and its subsequent reactions is vital to several important cosmetic products, a large amount of research that is relevant to these chemical processes has been conducted. This chapter is concerned with reducing the disulfide bond in hair by mercaptans, sulfites, alkalis, and other reducing agents. Reactions of reduced hair are also considered, followed by a discussion of water setting, set and supercontraction, and swelling of hair, processes especially relevant to permanent waves, hair straighteners, and depilatories. 

Waves a General sea, swell, fetch speed direction mass transport, characteristics (height, length, period, spectrum) breakers surf refraction diffraction internal waves and tsunamis... 

Statistical analysis of wave condition in the region from 2012 to 2013 (Fig. 2) shows that the normal wave is swell wave coming from south and southeast. 

Swell waves are waves generated at some distance from the site. They have longer periods than wind-generated sea waves and tend to cause more problems for marine operations. Swell does not exist on totally enclosed waters, however these waves can penetrate into enclosed waters even through small harbom entrances. 

Bar-Lev, Adi. Big Waves Greating Swells, Wakes and Everything In-Between. Game Developer 5, no. 2, (February, 2008) 14-24. Describes the application of geometry in the modeling of liquid water actions in the computer graphics of gaming and simulations. 

The SMC also outputs the new bathymetry from simultaneous equilibrium in planform and beach profile, as illustrated in Fig. 29.15. Based on the results of this expected distribution of bottom contoms, the SMC then performs a series of numeric calculations on waves (for swells and storms) and longshore currents (not shown in this chapter). With the unique operational system inherited with the SMC and onscreen modification of bottom contoms via the tracking of the mouse on the screen, graphic outputs are usually available in a matter of minutes for most cases of bay beach design, once the bathymetry and wave conditions are pre-processed... 

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