Reinforced waves

Reinforced waves are waves that have interacted constructively (see Figure 10.21). 

I tretch a mbber band between lyour two thumbs and pluck one /length of it. Note that no matter where along the length you pluck, the area of greatest oscillation is always at the midpoint. This is a self reinforcing wave that occurs as overlapping waves bounce back and forth from thumb to thumb. 

The dimensions of the car and the nature of the materials of the car dictate that there will be certain frequencies that reinforce themselves upon vibration. When the vibration of the tires matches the car s natural frequency the result is a re.sonance, which is. self-reinforcing waves. T he wave nature of the car, however, is simply due... 

William H. Bragg and Sir William L. Bragg. The reinforced waves produce a dark spot on a photographic film for each value of 6 that satisfies the Bragg equation. Example 11.4 illustrates the use of Equation (11.1). 

In a crystal, the atoms are arranged periodically in parallel planes, so that the waves scattered by the crystal atoms are out of phase (destructive interference) in most directions of scattering. In a few directions reinforcement (waves in phase) takes place, and a diffracted beam is formed. That is why, in spite of scattering by a single atom being isotropic, diffracted beams are formed only in a few directions. 

A number of individual radar scans have been joined together Variations in cover depth give rise to variations in arrival time for the wave reflected from the reinforcing bars... 

Valence bond and molecular orbital theory both incorporate the wave description of an atom s electrons into this picture of H2 but m somewhat different ways Both assume that electron waves behave like more familiar waves such as sound and light waves One important property of waves is called interference m physics Constructive interference occurs when two waves combine so as to reinforce each other (m phase) destructive interference occurs when they oppose each other (out of phase) (Figure 2 2) Recall from Section 1 1 that electron waves m atoms are characterized by their wave function which is the same as an orbital For an electron m the most stable state of a hydrogen atom for example this state is defined by the Is wave function and is often called the Is orbital The valence bond model bases the connection between two atoms on the overlap between half filled orbifals of fhe fwo afoms The molecular orbital model assembles a sef of molecular orbifals by combining fhe afomic orbifals of all of fhe atoms m fhe molecule... 

At the other extreme we can consider the electron as a particle which can be observed as a scintillation on a phosphorescent screen. Figure 1.4(b) shows how, if there is a large number of waves of different wavelengths and amplitudes travelling in the x direction, they may reinforce each other at a particular value of x, x say, and cancel each other elsewhere. This superposition at x is called a wave packet and we can say the electron is behaving as if it were a particle at x. ... 

Superposition of waves of different wavelengths reinforcing each other near to x = 0, at x ... 

Absence of ignition peaks or reinforcing pressure waves Minimum gun smoke, flash, and blast pressure Detonation-free in event of malfunction... 

Harbor structures are very accessible and can be investigated without the effects of wave motion. Grounding of steel pilings presents no problems and the work can be carried out from the quay (see the left-hand side of Fig. 16-13). With steel-reinforced concrete structures, measurements have to be made from a boat if no reliable contact has been provided in their eonstruction (see the right-hand side of Fig. 16-13). 

Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous anisotropic material such as a fiber-reinforced composite material is a very complex subject. However, its study is motivated by many important applications such as the use of fiber-reinforced composites in reentry vehicle nosetips, heatshields, and other protective systems. Chou [6-56] gives an introduction to analysis of wave propagation in composite materials. Others have applied wave propagation theory to shell stress problems. 

As one may infer from the quotation, W. L. Bragg realized that a crystal can act as an x-ray grating made up of equidistant parallel planes (Bragg planes) of atoms or ions from which unmodified scattering of x-rays can occur in such fashion that the waves from different planes are in phase and reinforce each other. When this happens, the x-rays are said to undergo Bragg reflection by the crystal and a diffraction pattern results. 

Reinforce a crest meets a crest (waves of the same phase sign meet each other) => add together => resulting wave is larger than either individual wave. 

AOs of the same phase sign overlap => leads to reinforcement of the wave function => the value of is larger between the two nuclei => contains both electrons in the lowest energy state, ground state... 

There is no glycemic response to glucagon or epinephrine (Fig. 42-1), whereas a galactose load causes a normal glycemic response. Forearm ischemic exercise produces a blunted venous lactate rise or no response. Serum CK activity is variably, often markedly, increased. The ECG shows left ventricular or biventricular hypertrophy in most patients, and the EMG may show myopathic features alone or associated with fibrillations, positive sharp waves and myotonic discharges. This mixed EMG pattern in patients with weakness and distal wasting often reinforces... 

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