Wave-breaker

Wave breakers. In long horizontal vessels it is necessary to install wave breakers, which are simply vertical baffles spanning the gas-liquid interface perpendicular to the flow ... 

Y. C. Li, G. H. Dong and B. Teng, Wave breaker indices in finite water depth, China Ocean Eng. 5(1), 51-64 (1991). 

The two other foam sensors mentioned above are ultrasound and rotating disks. The ultrasound sensor is a transmitter and receiver mounted opposite to each other and operating at 25—40 kHz. In the bioreactor, the waves are absorbed by the foam and the signal is generated. The rotational disk foam sensor is a mechanical foam breaker which is used by increasing the rotational resistance. 

Microwave switches are beam-breaker-type point sensors with an accuracy of 13 mm (0.5 in.) and with pressure and temperature ratings up to 28 bar (400 psig) and 300°C (600°F). Pulse-type radar gauges have ranges up to 200 m (650 ft) and are accurate to 0.5% FS, whereas frequency-modulated carrier wave (FMCW) units have errors from 1 to 3 mm (0.04-0.125 in.). Their pressure and temperature ratings are up to 80 bar (1,200 psig) and up to 400°C (750°F). 

Emulsification — The process whereby one liquid is dispersed into another liquid in the form of small droplets. In the case of oil, the emulsion can be either oil-inwater or water-in-oil. Both types of emulsions are formed as a result of wave action, although water-in-oil emulsions are more stable and create special cleanup problems. (See also Chocolate mousse, Oil-in-water emulsion, Water-in-oil emulsion.) Emulsion breakers and inhibitors — Chemical agents used to prevent the formation of water-in-oil emulsions or to cause such emulsions to revert to oil and water. Several formulations can perform both functions. 

Near Gale Sea heaps up, waves 13-20 ft, white foam streaks off breakers Whole trees moving, resistance felt walking against wind... 

The time constant Ta is important because it influences the lower envelope of the short-circuit current wave form to such an extent that the current can fail to cross the time axis until several cycles have been completed. This is demonstrated in 7.2.10 and Figure 7.1 shows the result. The behaviour of the instantaneous current imparts a heavy duty on the stator circuit breakers. Should this be anticipated in practice, from preliminary design studies, then the equipment involved should be specified accordingly. 

Waves a General sea, swell, fetch speed direction mass transport, characteristics (height, length, period, spectrum) breakers surf refraction diffraction internal waves and tsunamis... 

Electric motor by Helen Davies. 20 April 199 3 Central heating by J Marker. 8 December 1992 Fridge by H Birch. 30 April 1991 Electronic scales by H B h. 1(1 December 1991 Wave power by H Davies. 2 i November 1993 Road breaker by H Birch. 24 September 1991 Disk brakes by R Leedham. 16 March 1993 Magnetic levitation train by H Birch. 7 luly 1992... 

Dear Sir, -1 have to acknolege the reciept of your favor of Nov. 23. The banks, bankrupt law, manufactures, Spanish treaty are nothing. These are occurences which like waves in a storm will pass under the ship. But the Missouri question [i.e. whether to admit Missouri as a free or a slave-owning state] is a breaker on which we lose the Missouri country by revolt, and what more, God only knows. From the battle of Bunker s hill to the treaty of Paris we never had so ominous a question. It even damps the joy with which I hear of your high health, and welcomes to me the consequences of my want of it. I thank god that I shall not live to witness it s issue. Sed haec hactenus. 

There are some other formulas using the parameter of deepwater wave steepness Hq/Lq. They can be useful for predicting the breaker height of regular waves. Nevertheless, they cannot be applied for breaking of random waves, because individual zero-crossing waves in a train of random waves are unrelated to individual waves in deepwaters. Thus, there is little room for the parameter Hq/Lo to function in the breaker index for random waves. 

Breaker Index for Regular Waves and Its Scatter 4.4.1. Scatter of regular breaking waves... 

In 1970, Goda presented a diagram of breaker index curves of regular waves for four bed slopes, based on the laboratory data from eight sources, which included his own large-scale tests with Hb = 0.43 to 0.93m Rattanapitikon et al did not... 

The bias varies from —2.9% to 4-6.2% depending on the bed slope, but the formula of Eq. (4.6) can be regarded as yielding reasonable estimates of the breaker heights. The scatter of the data as expressed by CoV is about 5% to 7% for the bed slope of 1/200 to 1/50 it increases as the slope becomes steep, and it takes the value of 14% for the bed slope of 1/10. Such scatter of data represents an inherent stochastic nature of wave-breaking phenomenon. It resides in the data set itself, being independent of the breaker index formula being applied. 

Fig. 4.1. Comparison of breaker index formula Eq. (4.6) with laboratory data of regular waves.

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