Water vapor, specific volume

The explosion heat of butanetriol trinitrate is 6,025 J/g (constant volume, vapor water) and 5,941 J/g (constant volume, liquid water). The specific volume is 840 ml/g (liquid water). The detonation point with delay period of 5 s is 230 °C. The characteristic height is 58 cm for 2 kg falling weight. The chemical stability of butanetriol trinitrate is excellent. 

Figure 10.2 shows the pressure-volume behavior of pure water near its critical point. We see that the vapor specific volume falls rapidly with increasing pressure (and temperature the pressure temperamre relation is shown in Figure 1.8). Table 10.1 shows the changes from 2000 psia to the critical pressure (3203.5 psia).

Synthesis Gas Preparation Processes. Synthesis gas for ammonia production consists of hydrogen and nitrogen in about a three to one mole ratio, residual methane, argon introduced with the process air, and traces of carbon oxides. There are several processes available for synthesis gas generation and each is characterized by the specific feedstock used. A typical synthesis gas composition by volume is hydrogen, 73.65% nitrogen, 24.55% methane, <1 ppm-0.8% argon, 100 ppm—0.34% carbon oxides, 2—10 ppm and water vapor, 0.1 ppm. 

Humid volumes are given by the curves entitled Volume mVkg diy air. The volumes are plotted as func tions of absolute humidity and temperature. The difference between dry-air specific volume and humid-air volume at a given temperature is the volume of water vapor. 

The results of a specific case study are shown in Fig. 26-49. This depicts the change in inbreathing volume flow rate as a function of time. The middle curve describes the case when the tank is filled with dry air that is, no condensation occurs. When the air is saturated with water vapor at 55°C (131°F) and condensation occurs, the top curve is obtainea. The bottom line represents the volume flow rate brought about by thermal contraction alone, not including the amount condensed. Because of the heat of condensation released, this fraction is less than the volume flow rate without condensation, but this effect is more than compensated for by the additional volume flow rate due to condensation. 

Figure 28 shows the key features of the humidity chart. The chart consists of the following four parameters plotted as ordinates against temperature on the abscissas (1) Humidity H, as pounds of water per pound of dry air, for air of various relative humidities (2) Specific volume, as cubic feet of dry air per pound of dry air (3) Saturated volume in units of cubic feet of saturated mixture per pound of dry air and (4) latent heat of vaporization (r) in units of Btu per pound of water vaporized. The chart also shows plotted hiunid heat (s) as abscissa versus the humidity (H) as ordinates, and adiabatic humidification curves (i.e., humidity versus temperature). Figure 28 represents mixtures of dry air and water vapor, whereby the total pressure of the mixture is taken as normal barometric. Defining the actual pressure of the water vapor in the mixture as p (in units of mm of mercury), the pressure of the dry air is simply 760 - p. The molal ratio of water vapor to air is p/(760-p), and hence the mass ratio is ... 

As defined earlier, the saturated volume is on a basis of 1 lb of dry air, and equals the sum of the specific volume of the dry air plus the volume of the water vapor... 

The major differences between behavior profiles of organic chemicals in the environment are attributable to their physical-chemical properties. The key properties are recognized as solubility in water, vapor pressure, the three partition coefficients between air, water and octanol, dissociation constant in water (when relevant) and susceptibility to degradation or transformation reactions. Other essential molecular descriptors are molar mass and molar volume, with properties such as critical temperature and pressure and molecular area being occasionally useful for specific purposes. A useful source of information and estimation methods on these properties is the handbook by Boethling and Mackay (2000). 

Fig. 1.2. Specific volume of water vapor as a function of the water vapor pressure. The temperature of the vapor in this diagram is that of the ice.

If formula of deton (or expin) of an individual expl like NG or TNT is known, it is easy to calculate VD, which is specific volume of gases in liters, produced on expin of 1kg of expl, calcd to 0°C 760mm with water vapor... 

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