Water storage and distribution system

Planned inspection programs of building domestic hot- and cold-water storage and distribution systems (annual). 

Fig. 6 Purified water storage and distribution system with point-of-use cooler.

Shnayder, L. Pharmaceutical purified water storage and distribution systems—an engineering prospective. Pharm. Eng. 2001, 21 (6), 66-72. 

Maintenance and Disinfecting Water Storage and Distribution Systems... 

Particle content can be measured by light scattering. Organics can be determined by evaporation and residue analysis. Care must be taken that the ultrapure water is not contaminated in the water storage and distribution system therefore, the analysis should be made on samples taken at the point of use. 

Chemical treatment is apphcable usually to raw, mains and softened water, but is also used to treat the storage and distribution systems of distilled and deionized water and of water produced by reverse osmosis (seetion 3.5). 

Check fuel storage and distribution system for water such as salt water or condensate water. 

Ethanol s freezing point is much lower than gasoline, though it rises quickly as the water content of ethanol increases. Freezing of ethanol in fuel storage and distribution systems is not a concern. 

All equipment such as sterilisers, air handling and filtration systems, air vent and gas filters, water treatment, generation, storage and distribution systems should be subject to validation and planned maintenance their return to use should be approved. 

The pumps for delivering the water to the works and those for the in-plant water supply and distribution system should have adequate reserve capacity in order to minimize the risk of breakdown in supply or in cooling water circulation if a technical fault occurs. The intermediate storage tanks for raw water, treated water... 

Reservoirs can be either natural or man-made. Natural reservoirs can include lakes or other contained water bodies, while man-made reservoirs usually consist of some sort of engineered structure, such as a tank or other impoundment structure. In addition to the water containment structure itself, reservoir systems may also include associated water treatment and distribution equipment, including intakes, pumps, pump houses, piping systems, chemical treatment and chemical storage areas, and so forth. 

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are known health hazards that emit energetic waves and/or particles that can cause both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Radionuclides pose unique threats to source water supplies and chemical processing, storage, or distribution systems because radiation emitted from radionuclides in chemical or industrial waste systems can affect individuals through several pathways by direct contact with, ingestion or inhalation of, or external exposure to, the contaminated waste stream. While radiation can occur naturally in some cases due to the decay of some minerals, intentional and nonintentional releases of... 

Another commonly used approach to purified water generation, storage and distribution is RO/DI. Figure 4 is a schematic of an RO/DI approach. The components in this type of system are usually all plastic, therefore, sanitization is done chemically. Use of a sterilizing 0.2 micron filter in addition to, or instead of, the resin filter should be resisted. This practice may appear beneficial, but it is specifically prohibited by the proposed LW GMP s (proposed CFR 212.49) and it is not recommended. 

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