Water-soaking environment

Decontamination of conventional wounds in a contaminated environment continues to be a major concern. Researchers have looked at the effect of bleach decontamination on damaged skin exposed to CWAs. Gold et al. (1994) evaluated the effects of water or diluted bleach (0.5%) as a wound decontaminant 2 min after hairless guinea pig was exposed to sulfur mustard. The study found that 0.5% hypochlorite and even water soaking for 5 min in a wound contaminated with sulfur mustard (20 mg/kg) cause greater necrosis than when no decontamination was carried out. This does not mean that the wound should not be decontaminated but rather that bleach soaking in the wound is not the route to decontaminant. 

Figure 10.5 shows the data obtained on an epoxy-nitrile film adhesive on 5052-H34 aluminum alloy after immersion in hot water for 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 hours. This test is very useful because it permits a large number of adhesive-bonded specimens with different adhesives, adher-ends, and surface pretreatments to be tested at the same time with a relatively small investment in man hours and equipment. Figure 10.6 shows a comparison of the stressed-durability data and unstressed hot-water-soak data on the same epoxy-nitrile film adhesive, using 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. Note the parallelism of the plots. The curve in the lower left was obtained when lap-shear specimens were subjected to various levels of stress and then exposed to an environment of 60°C and 95% RH until failure. The failure time is plotted as a log function. The curve in the upper right portion is a plot of the data when the same types of lap-shear specimens were subjected to 60°C water for specified periods of time and then tested for their residual strength. In the first case, failure time was recorded. In the latter case, residual strength was determined. The same type of data is obtained with both curves. ... 

Tendency of a material to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment. Can be assessed by more than one method, including water soak or in an increased pressure and humidity environment. 

Water-soaked values range from 30 for an EW of 900, to 20 for an EW of 1100 (see Table 5.1). Additional data for commonly used Nafion electrolytes is given in Table 5.2. Note that these values are for a membrane soaked in liquid water solution and represents a maximum value. Eor membranes in a low humidity environment, the water uptake is much... 

Adhesives may experience many different and exotic environments. Environmental aging of adhesives is accomplished by exposing a stressed or unstressed joint to simulated operating conditions. Exposure is typically to elevated temperature, water, salt spray, or various chemical solutions that simulate the service conditions. A number of standard chemicals that are used to soak bonded specimens for 7 days at room temperature are... 

Decontamination of clothing, equipment, and the environment can be performed since T-2 toxin is sensitive to standard household bleach (soaking for 30 min) especially when the solution is alkalinized (Castegnaro et al., 1991 Madsen, 2001). For environmental decontamination, the use of a chlorine bleach solution under alkaline conditions such as 1% sodium hypochlorite (1 part bleach and 4 parts water) and 0.1 M sodiiun hydroxide solution with a 1 h contact time is recommended. Other trichothecenes should also be sensitive to this decontamination procediue. 

The amount of mechanical action used in hand dishwashing is extremely variable and hard to quantify. This is typified by the large number of dishwashing performance tests that are used (see Section IV). Consumers may soak items that are difficult to clean in a low mechanical action environment. Under these conditions, surface chemistry is very important. Consumers may also scrub vigorously directly on the soiled area, break up the soil particles, and suspend them. At this point interfacial processes become important again. All individuals have their own techniques. Individuals vary the amount of effort they use depending on the type and distribution of the soil on the item. However, they usually do not use enough sustained mechanical action to make a stable oil-in-water emulsion. 

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