Water molarity, 207

In 90% aqueous DMSO. Measured vs. Ag/Ag" " in acetonitrile rev reversible, irrev irreversible. "Kinoshita et al. (1994). In DMSO-water (molar ratio 85 15). In DMSO. The potential determined vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium was converted to the value vs. Ag/Ag by adding -(-0.083 V (Komatsu etal., 1982a). 

A borehole stability model has been developed that takes into account both the mechanical and the chemical aspects of interactions between drilling fluid and shale [1231]. Chemically induced stress alteration based on the thermodynamics of differences in water molar free energies of the drilling fluid and shale is combined with mechanically induced stress. Based on this model, it should be possible to obtain the optimal mud weight and salt concentration for drilling fluids. 

The pressure dependence of equilibrium constants in this work are estimated with Eq. 2.29, which requires knowledge of the partial molar volumes and compressibilities for ions, water, and solid phases. For ions and water, molar volumes and compressibilities are known as a function of temperature (Table B.8 Eqs. 3.14 to 3.19). Molar volumes for solid phases are also known (Table B.9) unfortunately, the isothermal compressibilities for many solid phases are lacking (Millero 1983 Krumgalz et al. 1999). 

In the process (Fig. 1), either a 0.5 to 1.0% sulfuric acid (H2S04) catalyst is used at 50 to 70°C for 30 minutes or, in the absence of the acid, a temperature of 195°C and 185 psi for 1 hour will form the diol. A 90 percent yield is realized when the ethylene oxide/water molar ratio is 1 5-8. The advantage of the acid-catalyzed reaction is no high pressure the thermal reaction however needs no corrosion resistance and no acid separation step. 

Similar phenomena are observed on the anodic side, where the nature of the anion of the SSE can exert a powerful influence on the chemical follow-up reactions, as in the anodic oxidation of hexamethylbenzene in acetonitrile-water (molar ratio 9 1) 81 in the presence of different supporting electrolytes (Eq. (25),... 

It is very hard to compare results reported in the literature, as there are various variables influencing the data. Concentration of reactants, ratio of amine compound to sugar or carbonyl, reaction in buffer or water, molarity and type of buffer used, pH of buffer, duration of reaction. Rate of carbonyl compounds formation will be the criterion used for reactivity except in few occasions where the percent loss of one of the reactants or both will be referred to in the manuscript. 

E 72 grams of water (molar mass of 18) is 4 moles of water. For every 2 moles... 

Before applying such models to vicinal water, they should be checked to account for the properties of bulk water (molar Internal energy, pressure, specific heat, singularity at 4°C, etc.), which is sometimes done l, and for the surface tension as a function of temperature, which is a more critical test but rarely done. ... 

An analysis of the cosolvent concentration dependence of the osmotic second virial coefficient (OSVC) in water—protein—cosolvent mixtures is developed. The Kirkwood—Buff fluctuation theory for ternary mixtures is used as the main theoretical tool. On its basis, the OSVC is expressed in terms of the thermodynamic properties of infinitely dilute (with respect to the protein) water—protein—cosolvent mixtures. These properties can be divided into two groups (1) those of infinitely dilute protein solutions (such as the partial molar volume of a protein at infinite dilution and the derivatives of the protein activity coefficient with respect to the protein and water molar fractions) and (2) those of the protein-free water—cosolvent mixture (such as its concentrations, the isothermal compressibility, the partial molar volumes, and the derivative of the water activity coefficient with respect to the water molar fraction). Expressions are derived for the OSVC of ideal mixtures and for a mixture in which only the binary mixed solvent is ideal. The latter expression contains three contributions (1) one due to the protein—solvent interactions which is connected to the preferential binding parameter, (2) another one due to protein/protein interactions (B p ), and (3) a third one representing an ideal mixture contribution The cosolvent composition dependencies of these three contributions... 

EDP or EPW is a mixture of ethylene-diamine (ED or E), pyrocatechol (P), and water (W). This solution usually operates at 110-120 °C (about boiling point) [93], The typical compositions and etch rates can be seen in Table 5. Figure 23 shows the etch rate as a function of the water content [92]. No etching occurs in solutions without the presence of water and the maximum etch rate is observed with a water molar fraction of about 0.6. The etch rate increases with increasing pyrocatechol content to about 5 mol% above which etch rate becomes constant. There is a definite etch rate without addition of pyrocatechol,... 

From Isopropoxide in the Presence of Organic Acids Acetic, propanoic, or butanoic acid was added at 30 cmVmin to titanium isopropoxide with stirring at 1 1 mole ratio, and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. A sample without organic acid was also studied. The mixture was slowly added to water at a Ti water molar ratio of 1 50 at 25 or 75°C. The particles were washed with water. 

Since a large part of the NEA-TDB project deals with the thermodynamics of aqueous solutions, the units describing the amount of dissolved substance are used very frequently. For convenience, this review uses M as an abbreviation of mol-dm for molarity, c, and, in Appendices B and C, m as an abbreviation of mol-kg for molality, m. It is often necessary to convert concentration data from molarity to molality and vice versa. This conversion is used for the correction and extrapolation of equilibrium data to zero ionic strength by the specific ion interaction theory, which works in molality units (c/ Appendix B). This conversion is made in the following way. Molality is defined as moles of substance B dissolved in 1 kilogram of pure water. Molarity is defined as Cg moles of substance B dissolved in (/ - c M) kilogram of pure water, where p is the density of the solution in kg-dm and the molar weight of the solute in kg-mof. ... 

X Vg is the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction, cf. Eq.(II.54) and the values of g are the factors for the conversion of molarity to molality as tabulated in Table II-5 for several electrolyte media at 298.15 K. In the case of very dilute solutions, these factors are approximately equal to the reciprocal of the density of the pure solvent. Then, if the solvent is water, molarity and molality may be used interchangeably, and A",. The differences between the values in Table 11-5 and the values listed in the uranium NEA-TDB review [92GRE/FUG] (p.23) are found at the highest concentrations, and are no larger than + 0.003 dm -kgreflecting the accuracy expected in this type of conversion. The uncertainty introduced by the use of Eq. (11.38) in the values of log will be no larger than + 0.001 X Vg. ... 

Journal of the Electrochemical Society Figure 6. Na+ diffusion coefficient in Nafion 295 at 60° C, NaOH external solution and change in water molarity in NaOH solution (24). 

That benzene is an effective entrainer can be confirmed by comparing the ethanol/water molar ratio in the binary and ternary azeotropes ... 

The combination acetone/formaldehyde/NH3 leads to 2,6-lutidine. Zeolite ZSM-5 and beta [51 ] have been studied as catalysts here. Instead of formaldehyde also methanol can be used. When feeding a mixture of acetone, l3C-labelled methanol, ammonia and water (molar ratio 2 1 4 13.7) to H-ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 96) at 450 °C, 2,6-lutidine is formed (13 % selectivity) which is exclusively labelled at the 4-position [51 ]. 

Oxidation of adamantanone as probe molecule with hydrogen peroxide was investigated in a liquid phase (1,4-dioxane, was used as a solvent) at the reaction temperature 90 °C. In a typical experiment 0.05 g of catalyst was added to a mixture of adamantanone (0.15 g), 1,4-dioxane (3 g) and hydrogen peroxide (0.15 g of 35 % solution in water), molar ratio ketone to hydrogen peroxide was 1.0 1.5. 

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