Used in This Review

060) Huheey, J. E. Keiter, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity Harper Collins New York, 1993 pp. 182-199. 

061) Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond Cornell Univ. Press Ithaca, NY, 1960 Chapters 3 and 7. 

Fomins, J. Grimez-Saso, M. A. Lalinde, E. Martinez, F. Moreno, M. T. Organo-meiallics 1992, II, 2873. 

Beck-Hemetsberger, H. Reitzel, L. Rodenhauser, B. Cordier. G. Chem. Ber. 1989, 122, 43 Barral, M. C. Jimenez, R. Royer, E. Moreno, V. Santos, A. Inorg. Cliim. Acta 1978, 31, 165. 

Department of Chemistry Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana 

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JCS (P2) 1651]. For a compound existing in an enol-keto tautomeric equilibrium, the name used in this review is that of the tautomer found in the crystalline state. 

Bioavailability issues have been reviewed previously (Mihelcic etal. 1993 Boesten 1993 Baveye and Bladon 1999 Ehlers and Luthy 2003). In this review, we discuss specifically the bioavailability of soil- or sediment-sorbed organic contaminants to pollutant-degrading bacteria. Direct uptake of sorbed contaminants is perhaps the most controversial and least understood process. The definition of bioavailability given by Alexander (2000) will be used in this review. The term bioaccessibility encompasses what is immediately available plus that which may become available, whereas bioavailability refers to what is available immediately. 

Strictly speaking, given the violations of the assumptions underlying Eq. (5) discussed earlier, the concept of aw should not be applied to food systems. However, the concept of aw has proven to be an extremely useful and practical tool in both the food industry and in food science research (Franks, 1991). Rather than discarding the use of aw in foods, perhaps it would be more prudent at this point for one to stress the time-dependent nature (i.e., kinetics) of aw measurements and perhaps, as suggested by Slade and Levine (1991) and Fennema (1996), to use the term relative vapor pressure (RVP, the measured term) in place of aw (the theoretical term). To avoid confusion, the term aw will continue to be used in this review, with the understanding that what is most often being measured is RVP. 

Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the NCI grant CA-13148. The authors wish to thank Prof. B. Mario Pinto for supplying the originals of some figmes used in this review. The work on sialoadhesin/sialyllactose and UDP-Gal/galctosyltransferase complexes was from a fruitful collaboration with Prof. Thomas Peters at the Medical University of Liibeck. 

The redox potentials against the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) for various reactions, usually called electrochemical series , are listed in the annually updated CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press Boca Raton, EL. On the other hand, unless otherwise indicated, the potential values used in this review are all referred to the Li+/Li reference electrode. 

Tables 6.3-6.5 contain the selected specific ion interaction coefficients used in this review, according to the specific ion interaction model described in section 6.1. Table 6.3 contains cation interaction coefficients with Cl , CIO4, and NOs Table 6.4 anion interaction coefficients with Li with Na or NH4, and with K. The coefficients have the units of kg mol and are valid for 298.15 K. The species are ordered by charge and appear, within each charge class, in standard order of arrangement [33].

Table 2. Abbreviations used in this review for some of the commonest olefinic group V ligands...

In this series, three earlier reviews on carbazole alkaloids were published by Kapil (1), Husson (2), and Chakraborty (3) in the Volumes 13,26, and 44, respectively. The present chapter introduces a new classification of carbazole alkaloids and summarizes the recent synthetic efforts. The nomenclature of carbazole alkaloids used in this review is that of Chemical Abstracts. As shown in Scheme 1.1, the conventional tricyclic ring system of carbazole 1 is denoted by A, B, and C, and the numbering starts from ring A. The term carbazole generally refers to a 9H-carbazole. 

Term labels appropriate for d3 and d6 configurations in octahedral ligand fields will be used in this review to designate the ligand field or d-d excited states of cobalt(III) and chromium(III) complexes. This... 

Thomas et al. (1999) proposed that ash be classified according to CaO content as follows Class F, <8wt% CaO Class Cl, 8-20 wt% CaO and Class CH, >20 wt% CaO. These CaO ranges have a bearing on their behaviour in concrete, and these subdivisions are used in this review, where appropriate, along with the general term Class C ash defined by ASTM. Class F ash has pozzolanic properties Class Cl ash is similar to Class F ash but is also cementitious. Class CH is more aggressively cementitious and readily forms Ca(OH)2. It is more likely to contribute to the heat of hydration of the cement. 

MCD and TDDFT each has their own extensive system of notation. We have tried to make the symbols used distinct through choice of font and context. As an additional aid we have included a list of the symbols and abbreviations used in this review along with their meaning ... 

Table 2. Preferred conformations of homopolypeptides used in this review...

Benzocyclobutene as used in this review and in common usage in the literature. 

The following nomenclature has been used in this review The ring system is named as the appropriate heterocation and the exocyclic group carrying the negative charge is named as the appropriate anion (i.e., olate, thiolate, aminide, or methylate). Thus, compounds of type 9 are named as... 

The purpose of the present section is to show, how various authors have tried to find a relation between the model chain used in this review and a real macromolecule, which possesses a much more complicated structure. 

Kitamaru, R., Horii, F., Hyon, S.-H. ACS Polym. Prepr. 17 (2), 549 (1976) revised results are used in this review, considering the effect of modulation amplitude... 

Many papers use the older numbering system for rate constants, as used by Michaelis, but the newer system is now more prevalent and is used in this review. 

Note Added in Proof. Since the completion of this manuscript a number of reports have appeared on compounds relevant to this topic. These are listed here briefly according to main group element type which corresponds to the section heading numbers used in this review. 

The nomenclature of Si=N-systems used in the literature is somewhat confusing, especially for unusual systems. The nomenclature used in this review corresponds with the most commonly used description. 

The strategy used in this review to dissect specific fundamental interactions is to isolate first the hydrophobic effects and subsequently other interactions. Within this context the hydrophobic effect is defined as that contribution to the overall thermodynamics of a process that is proportional to the amount of apolar surface that becomes exposed to the solvent (Hermann, 1972 Gill and Wadso, 1976 Livingstone etal, 1991). The apolar surface area exposed to solvent can be computed using various algorithms (Lee and Richards, 1971 Hermann, 1972 Shrake and Rupley, 1973 Connolly, 1983) that yield the accessible surface area (ASA) in units of square angstroms (A2). 

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