Water injection technology

Water Injection Technology Used in Injection Molding, Polymotive, Feb. 2003. 

Zhang Yongji 2001. Ceml seeun water injection technology. BeiJing Coal Industry Press. 

The use of the hot runner technology allows only certain component geometries and mold concepts. With hot runner systems, gating positions are achieved that cannot be reached conventionally the active movement or complete avoidance of fill lines can be implemented by sequential injection multi-component injection molding can be performed with up to five materials in a mold high-speed stack molds can be built film and fabric can be back injected gas and water injection technology can be implemented multi-cavity molds can be realized clean room production can be optimized and the co-injection technique can be enabled. 

Tests of a refined BM technique in the Usinsk oil field have shown that it can become an economical alternative to less efficient steamer water-injection technologies ... 

Although water injection is still used, dry control combustion technology has become the preferred method for the major players in the industrial power generation market. DLN (Dry Low NOx) was the first acronym to be coined, but with the requirement to control NOx without increasing carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons this has now become DLL (Dry Low Emissions). 

Secondary recovery, infill drilling, various pumping techniques, and workover actions may still leave oil, sometimes the majority of the oil, in the reservoir. There are further applications of technology to extract the oil that can be utilized if the economics justifies them. These more elaborate procedures are called enhanced oil recovery. They fall into three general categories thermal recoveiy, chemical processes, and miscible methods. All involve injections of some substance into the reservoir. Thermal recovery methods inject steam or hot water m order to improve the mobility of the oil. They work best for heavy nils. In one version the production crew maintains steam or hot water injection continuously in order to displace the oil toward the production wells. In another version, called steam soak or huff and puff, the crew injects steam for a time into a production well and then lets it soak while the heat from the steam transfers to the resei voir. After a period of a week or more, the crew reopens the well and produces the heated oil. This sequence can be repeated as long as it is effective. 

Tiemessen, H. van Hoogevest, P. Leigh, M.L.S. Characteristics of a novel phospholipid-based depot injectable technology for poorly water-soluble drugs. European J. Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2004, 58, 587-593. 

Steam or water injection This has been a standard NO c control approach. This technology works by cooling the flame. Water is more effective than steam, but high purity water must be used to prevent the deposition of solids. Water or steam is added at a ratio to the fuel (water-to-fuel ratio or WFR) in ranges from 0.28 to 2.48 (natural gas fuel). 

A consequence of the use of advanced technology in oil production from a reservoir results in increase in the corrosivity of the oil production environment. The extent of corrosion increases because (i) oil, water, and gas are present in the field. Seawater or fresh water is injected downhole to drive oil out of formation. As time passes, the amount of water to the amount of oil increases and the degree of internal corrosion increases. Water injection from seawater or fresh water sources causes souring of oilfields with H2S and increases in corrosion rate. These water sources require biocide injection and deaeration to avoid the introduction of new corrosion pathways into the existing system. Tertiary recovery techniques involve miscible and immiscible gas floods that may contain as much as 100% CO2. This leads to high corrosivity of the fluids. 

At present, the related theories of coal seam water injection and the practical technology are... 

Waste treatment and disposal technology Scrubbers for stacks Waste-water treatment technology Solid-waste disposal (incineration/landfill/injection) Occupational safety measures... 

Gao, R.M. Zhao, W. Kong, L. 2004. Water flooding technology for horizontal injection wells and horizontal production wells. Overseas Oilfield Engineering. 20(6) 1-3. 

M. Knights, Water injection molding makes hollow parts faster, lighter. Plastic Technology, April, 42-63 (2002). 

W. Michaeli, Water injection techniques. In M. Kamal, A. I. Isayev and S. J. Liu (eds.). Injection molding Technology and fundamental. Munich Hanser Publishers, 2009, pp. 223-250. 

Flotation processes are an important part of water treatment technologies in modern water treatment plants. Flotation is based on the principle of adhesion of insoluble particles to air bubbles and adsorption of dissolved surfactants at the surface of air bubbles. Flotation allows for different kinds of admixtures to be removed from water bulk in a physical and chemical manner. In this way, suspended and colloidal particles, emulsions of oils and fats, the separate surfactant molecules and their micelles, complexes of surfactants with colloid rust, and multivalent ions of heavy metals can be removed. At present, the flotation processes and equipment for their realization are widely described in the literature [12]. Flotation involves the injection of small bubbles of air or other gas into the water bulk. Surface-active impurities are adsorbed at the bubble surface and transferred through the water bulk to its surface. As a result, the foam concentrate is formed on the surface of bubbling water. It contains surfactants, suspended solid particles (water impurities), emulsified substances, bacterial cells, etc. This foam is evacuated from the surface by means of special scrapers and other devices. 

Tests of the refined BM technology combined with subsequent calculations and estimation have shown that this technology offers a promising alternative to SAGD and water injection for increasing reservoir pressure. 

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