Cooling water piping

A study of the thermal factors relating to the reduction of nitrobenzene shows that the reaction is distinctly exothermic. It is necessary, therefore, to remove the surplus heat generated while maintaining the reduction at the optimum reaction temperature. When nonvolatile materials are treated, as in the conversion of p-nitroaniline to p-phenylenediamine, flumes of suitable diameter and height are sufficient. When volatile nitro compounds are used, an efficient tubular condenser (vapors pass on outside of water-cooled pipes) gives eminently satisfactory results. 

Figure 7-95. Electrodeless RF plasma reactor for manganese oxide (MnO) production from rhodonite (MnSiOs) (1) inductor of the RF generator (2) Tesla coil (3) quartz reactor walls (4) brass pipe (5) water-cooled pipe.

As shown in Fig. 19, the rods 168 respond to a flow Thus, circuit D is broken at the contact 413 thereby switch 331 disposed in the light water cooling pipe 24 76 de-energiang the electromagnetic relay coil 334 causing... 

Insuloc. A system for protecting water-cooled pipes in steel reheating furnaces. An inner layer of refractory fibre is covered by a tough outer skin of interlocking refractory tiles. 

In boilers of power stations and waste incinerators, SiC-ramming mixes are installed by the patching method (by hand) between the studs. The thickness of the lining is often not more than 18 mm. To be exact, the ramming mix is actually being used as a coating for the water-cooled pipes. This example shows how difficult precise classification can be as several products can be placed or installed in different ways. 

After it leaves the stoves, the hot blast enters a large refractory-lined busde pipe to distribute the gas evenly around the furnace. Multiple connecting pipes (tuyere stock) direct the hot blast to the blowpipes. At the ends of the blowpipes are the tuyeres, water-cooled copper no22les set into the refractory lining of the blast furnace. 

Ground area and. space requirement.s. Comparisons of the overall space requirements for plants using air cooling versus water cooling are not consistent. Some air-cooled units are installed above other equipment—pipe racks, shell-and-tube exchangers, etc. Some plants avoid such inst ations because of safety considerations, as discussed later. 

Turbine cooling water system piping, right angle L Horizontal and vertical... 

Wastage is pronounced in equipment contacting high-pH fluids. Chemical process equipment, heat exchangers, water-cooled process reactors, valving, transfer pipes, and heating and cooling systems are often affected. 

Open Tube Sections (Water cooled) Tubes require no shell, only end headers, usually long, water sprays over surface, sheds scales on outside tubes by expansion and contraction. Can also be used in water box. Condensing, relatively low heat loads on sensible transfer. Transfer coefficient is low, takes up less space than pipe coil. 0.8-1.1... 

Evaluate the integrity of the old cooling water loop piping, and i.Jemily ways to protect against its failure... 

A hot-water heating system forces water into pipes, or arrangements of pipes called registers that warm from contact with warm water. Air in the room warms from contact with the pipes. Usually, the pipes are on the floor of a room so that warmer, less dense air around the pipes rises somewhat like a helium-filled balloon rises in air. The warmer air cools as it mixes with cooler air near the ceiling and falls as its density increases. This process is called convection and the moving air is referred to as convection current. The process of convection described here is pipe-to-air and usually does a better job of heating evenly than in an air-to-air convection system—the circulation of air by fans as in a forced-air heating system. 

Figure 6.3 Double-pipe water-cooled condenser (Courtesy of Hubbard Commercial Products Ltd)...

Advance warning should be had from the plant running log of any build-up of scale on water-cooled surfaces. Scale within the tubes of a straight double-pipe or shell-and-tube condenser can be mechanically removed with suitable wire brushes or high-pressure water lances, once the end covers have been removed. Tubes which cannot be dealt with in this way must be chemically cleaned (see also Chapter 33). 

Four-pipe system This layout uses HW supply and return pipes for space heating (pipes 1 and 2) and chilled-water pipes for space cooling (pipes 3 and 4). Effective building climate control by conventional means is easier with a four-pipe system, but the piping costs obviously are much higher. 

Figure 3.15a. An arrangement similar to a conventional water-tube boiler. Steam is generated in cooling pipes within the reactor and separated in a steam drum. 

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