Photographic Application

PDF 1. Chapter 57 Electrochemical Applications PDF 2. Chapter 59 Photographic Applications... 

Figure 7 Patented 5-5 bicyclic ring compounds for photographic applications.

Miscellaneous transparent pipelines, toys, moulds, models, gauges, product prototypes, demonstration models special UV-absorbing grades for document preservation in museums and for various photographic applications aesthetic objects hairbrushes... 

Although the mechanism of the photo-induced generation of mono- and bimetallic metal clusters, except for the photographic application (Section 20.6), has been studied with considerably less detail than for the radiolytic route, some stable clusters, mostly of noble metals (Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Rh), have also been prepared by UV excitation of metal ion solutions [129-141]. Generally, halides and pseudo-halides counter anions are known to release, when excited, solvated electrons, which reduce the metal ions up to the zerovalent state. Oxalate excitation yields the strong reducing carbonyl radical COO [30]. Photosensitizers are likewise often added [142]. Metal clusters are photo-induced as well at the surface of photo-excited semiconductors in contact with metal ions [143,144]. 

Another very useful technique that alleviates some of the aforementioned difficulties is the controlled double-jet precipitation (CDJP) process, which can be extended to a triple jet design. The technique was originally developed to produce uniform large particles (23-25), particularly of silver halides for photographic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that the procedure may be used for the synthesis of a variety of uniform dispersions, including those of metal oxides of different modal sizes, ranging from several nanometers to several micrometers (26-29). 

Sodium Metaborate Tetrahydrate and Dihydrate. The sodium metaborates are components in textile finishing, sizing and scouring compositions, adhesives, and detergents. They are also used in many photographic applications. In agriculture they are used in both herbicides and fertilizer sprays. The dihydrate is less affected by heat. 

CoacervatlOil, A phenomenon associated with colloids wherein dispersed particles separate from solution to form a second liquid phase is termed coacervation. Gelatin solutions form coacervates with the addition of salt such as sodium sulfate [7757-82-6], especially at pH below the isoionic point. In addition, gelatin solutions coacervate with solutions of oppositely charged polymers or macromolecules such as acacia. This property is useful for microencapsulation and photographic applications (56—61). 

The photographic industry continues to dominate in the industrial applications of silver complexes, especially in relation to halogen compounds, and a vast amount of literature each year is concerned with this field. Photographic applications of coordination complexes are covered separately in Chapter 59 and will not be dealt with in depth here. 

Fulgides. Several patents describe the use of fulgides in photographic applications. 

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