Waste products investigation

Another problem of EGAs is that they are non-site-specific. The reasons for this lie in the fact that they include the whole life cycle of systems with resources which may originate in different countries and waste products and emissions which may distribute globally. They deal with factual inputs, outputs and the environmental impact potentials of the system under investigation on a global, and, in some cases, regional scale. Yet, they do not address the intrinsic risks resulting from the system itself. However, a combination with risk assessment methods can be used to close this gap. 

Biomarkers that demonstrate chromium exposure under field conditions is under active investigation. Laboratory studies with Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) exposed for 3 to 9 days to 25 to 100 pg Cr /L or 50 to 200 pg Cr+3/L show a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronuclei in erythrocytes, and this increase is considered indicative of increasing DNA damage (Al-Sabti et al. 1994). Similar increases in micronuclei were observed in Prussian carp from the River Ljubjanica near chromium-containing outfalls from leather waste products in the Republic of Slovenia (Al-Sabti et al. 1994). 

Nuclear fuel and associated waste products also include plutonium and enriched uranium (<20% U-235) and associated waste or fission products that emit intense radiation and can pose significant threats if dispersed with conventional explosives (i.e., by a dirty bomb). Industrial sources include a range of devices used in geological investigation and radiography, and may also pose significant hazards if dispersed by a dirty bomb. Examples of radioactive materials that could be used in a dirty bomb include ... 

Bauer S, Wolff I, Werner N, et al. 1992. Toxicological investigations in the semiconductor industry I. Studies on the acute oral toxicity of a complex mixture of waste products from the aluminium plasma etching process. Toxicology and Industrial Health 8 141-156. 

Also, the influence of aluminum sulfate, animal glue, and an extract of horse-chestnut nuts on zinc electrowiiming from a weak acidic sulfate electrolyte prepared from an industrial waste product was investigated [401]. The use of additives mixture has a beneficial effect on zinc electrowinning and results in smooth, slightly bright zinc deposits. 

By upgrading a waste product into a product of high commercial value, expensive C02 fixation processes could become economically feasible. One such approach has been investigated by Katsuyama et al. [57], who studied the use of waste cement for the development of high-purity CaC03 by C02 carbonization in accordance with the process scheme in Figure 14.2. 

Byproducts of conventional oil extraction and refining have been investigated as raw materials for the concentration of bioactive components. Birtigh et al. (115) investigated SFE of carotenes and tocopherols from waste products of pahn oil production (i.e., the residue of mechanical processing and palm leaves). Ibanez et al. (116) studied the separation of tocopherols from olive byproducts using fractional... 

Frequent application of waste products on aralde soils may lead to an enrichment of heavy metals in the top soil layer [ 1 ]. Depending on their availability, heavy metals are taken-up and incorporated in the plant tissues. By measunntr quantitative parameters such as development, production or yield, the influence of the. soil concentration on the plant growth can be investigated. In this way, the tolerance index Ti [2] has been defined as ... 

In the hydrometallurgical industry, Fe " solutions are often produced as waste products and hydrothermal methods are being investigated as a possible route for their disposal by production of hematite of saleable quality (Riveros and Dutrizac, 1997). 

Wartime conditions encouraged the use of waste products and investigations into continuous manufacturing processes. Thus, for example, I.G. Farben manufactured N,N-dimethylaniline from aniline and dimethyl ether, a waste from the synthetic methanol process, by a continuous autoclave process. Mercaptobenzothiazole (97) was also made by a continuous autoclave process. Allied investigators after 1945 were impressed by the great extent to which a number of traditional batch processes for aryl amines and then-products had been successfully adapted to automated, continuous operation118. 

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