Waste minimization strategies

The waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basie eoneept has remained the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. 

Hall, Freddie E., Jr., OC-ALC Hazardous Waste Minimization Strategy Reduction of Industrial Biological Sludge from Industrial Wastewater Treatment... 

Reduced Emissions and Waste Minimization. Reducing harmful emissions and minimizing wastes within a process by inclusion of additional reaction and separation steps and catalyst modification may be substantially better than end-of-pipe cleanup or even simply improving maintenance, housekeeping, and process control practices. SO2 and NO reduction to their elemental products in fluid catalytic cracking units exemplifies the use of such a strategy (11). 

Freeman, H., Hazardous waste minimization a strategy for environmental improvement. j. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 38, 59 (1988). 

The recommended strategy for developing effective waste minimization options for parts cleaning operations relies on systematic exploration of the following sequence of steps ... 

Smith JM, Payne GF, Lumpkin JA. Enzyme-based strategy for toxic waste treatment and waste minimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 1982 39 741-752. 

The last two items in the above list involve considerable R D and hence present a long-term strategy for waste minimization in reactors. These items should be looked into carefully at the early stage of process design. The first three can be attempted in existing processes. 

N. Beecher, K. Geiser, and K. Fischer, Strategies in hazardous waste minimization used outside the US, J. Hazard. Waste Mater., 5 [2] (1988) 177-184. 

Terms closely related to cleaner production are pollution prevention and waste minimization, which emphasize the preventive aspect of cleaner production. Closely associated with cleaner production is the hierarchy of waste treatment strategies, enunciated in the U.S. 1990 Pollution Prevention Act. Environmental agencies in most countries have adopted this hierarchical approach in their policies. Waste treatment strategies, in order of preference, are... 

Waste Minimization/Reduction Problem and the Associated Strategy... 

Davis et al. 1994, Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies A Method for Ranking and Scoring Chemicals by Potential Human Health and Environmental Impacts, Report prepared by The University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies for the Waste Minimization, Destruction and Disposal Research Division, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/R-94/177, September 1994. 

Another interesting strategy to achieve a waste-minimized Mizoroki-Heck reaction was recently reported by Miura et al. (Scheme 7.13) [31]. Using aroyl chlorides 57, the Mizoroki-Heck reaction proceeded well under base-free conditions, liberating only hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide as byproducts (57 59). However, due to the particularly waste-intensive preparation of acyl chlorides, it remains questionable whether this procedure would be suitable for large-scale alkene arylation. 

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