Reduced Harmful Emissions

The only products from a fuel ceU stack fuelled by hydrogen are water, heat, and DC electricity. And with the exception of controllable NOx emissions from high-temperature fuel cells, a hydrogen fuel cell stack is emission-free. However, the clean nature of a fuel ceU depends on the production path of its fuel. 

2 Fuel Cells Operating and Stnictural Featines of MCFCs and SOFCs 

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Reduced Emissions and Waste Minimization. Reducing harmful emissions and minimizing wastes within a process by inclusion of additional reaction and separation steps and catalyst modification may be substantially better than end-of-pipe cleanup or even simply improving maintenance, housekeeping, and process control practices. SO2 and NO reduction to their elemental products in fluid catalytic cracking units exemplifies the use of such a strategy (11). 

The processing of synfuels from biomass will lower the energy cost, improve the waste management and reduce harmful emissions. This triple assault on plant... 

Lior reviews some leading novel energy conversion approaches which are aimed at improving power generation efficiency and/or reducing harmful emissions. Included would be solvent nse and conservation (Lior, 1997). 

Despite the measures that were taken to control SO and NO, emissions in the first generation of protocols, scientific evidence showed that large parts of Europe were still under threat of acid rain damage and that there were far more ecologically sensitive regions than had been first understood. Eurther measures would have to be taken to reduce harmful emissions. This led to the negotiations for the 1994 Oslo Protocol. The Oslo Protocol essen-... 

The coal-water slurry fuel (CWSF or CWS or CWF) is a fuel that consists of fine coal particles suspended in water. Presence of water in the coal-water slurry reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere, makes the coal explosion proof, makes use of coal equivalent to use of liquid fuel (e.g., heating oil), and gives other benefits (see the following). A coal-water slurry consists of 55%-70% of fine dispersed coal particles and 30%-45% of water. 

The presence of water in the fuel reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere and makes the coal explosion-proof. By converting the coal into a liquid form, delivery and dispensing of the fuel can be simplified. One side effect of the CWF production process is the separation of non-carbon material mixed in with the coal before treatment. This results in a reduction of ash yield or the treated fuel, making it a viable alternative to diesel fuel 2 for use in large stationary engines or diesel-electric locomotives. 

The largest and fastest growing application of palladium is in the production of automobile catalytic converters, which reduce harmful emissions from the engine. In a modern converter three reactions occur ... 

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