Waste intensive production

The situation of biomass energy in Japanese society is different from that in western countries to some degree. In western countries, biomass energy is tied to the utilization of surplus agricultural products. On the other hand, in Japan, local utilization of organic waste is brought into focus, because of difficulty of intensive production of energy crops. 

Expansion of production. The a priori limited) supply of products from the agricultural and forestry primary production can be expanded only by an expansion of production. This is possible by a more intensive production i.e. higher yield per hectare) and/or a production on land not used on a commercial basis so far. For the latter option the needed land areas in Europe are available (see above). In contrast to that, emerging competitions about residues, by-products and waste can not be met by an expansion of the agricultural and forestry primary production or only to a very limited extent. 

Reuse becomes an interesting alternative for products where the stages before and after use have a dominating effect on the environment. The waste intensity per service for such a product is directly proportional to the number of cycles. On the other hand, in cases where the service phase is found to have the major impact according to a life cycle assessment, reuse will have little or no effect on the overall impact. 

Although this is an interesting concept and may find specific applications, the overall process does not yet offer a great advantage from an environmental standpoint, as the production of acyl chlorides is particularly waste-intensive. 

The key parameters to be successful in the competitive global market depend on the buzzwords such as low product cost, better quality, durability, customer satisfaction, durability, comfort and style. In spite of technical advancements, the clothing industries stiU remain as labour-intensive production systems, which results in low productivity and often delays. Industries should emphasise on automation, training to the workers, modernisation, waste reduction, ecological considerations and adhering to specific quality systems, which can lead to an increase in the productivity and quality and a decrease in the amount of waste, stopovers and production delays. Each of the employees should work to achieve the organisational goal, and the industry should also look after the employees with fair remuneration, incentives, leaves, other perks and facilities. 

Generally, for most fermentation processes to yield a good quality product at a competitive price, at least six key criteria must be met. (/) Fermentation is a capital intensive business and investment must be minimised. (2) The raw materials should be as cheap as possible. (J) Only the highest yielding strains should be used. (4) Recovery and purification should be as rapid and as simple as possible. (5) Automation should be employed to minimise labor usage. (6) The process must be designed to minimise waste production and efftciendy use all utilities (26,27). 

The manufacture of sugar was early understood to be an energy-intensive process. Cuba was essentially deforested to obtain the wood that fueled the evaporation of water from the cane juice. When the forests were gone, the bagasse burner was developed to use the dry cane pulp, called bagasse, for fuel. Bagasse was no longer a waste product its minimal value is the cost of its replacement as fuel. 

Most of the impact is created by providing the materials contained in the product. This includes production of waste and consumption of energy in producing the raw materials. Typical high impact materials would include rare metals, natural extracts such as perfume ingredients, and energy intensive materials such as bricks and concrete. Electronic and electrical equipment are typical of products in this category. 

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