Warm inflow

Feistel, R., Nausch, G., Matthaus, W., Fysiak-Pastuszak, E., Seifert, T., Sehested Hansen, I., Mohrholz, V., Kruger, S., Buch, E., Hagen, E., 2004. Background data to the exceptionally warm inflow into the Baltic Sea in late summer 2002. Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte Wamemiinde, 58, 58 pp. 

When the regional wind allows the outflow to take place in primarily one direction and the rising warm urban air moves off with this regional flow, the circulation is termed the urban plume (Fig. 17-22). Under this circumstance, the inflow to the urban center near the surface may also be asymmetric, although it is more likely to be symmetric than the outflow at higher altitudes. 

The metabolic rate can be measured in several ways. When no external work is being performed, the metabolic rate equals the heat output of the body. This heat output can be measured by a process called direct calorimetry. In this process, the subject IS placed m an insulated chamber that is surrounded by a water jacket. Water flows through the jacket at constant input temperature. The heat from the subject s body warms the air of the chamber and is then removed by the water flowing through the jacketing. By measuring the difference between the inflow and outflow water temperatures and the volume of the water heated, it is possible to calculate the subject s heat output, and thus the metabolic rate, in calories. 

Fig. 10.9 Circuit diagram for intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion. Warmed chemotherapeutic agents are circulated through the abdomen and temperature at the inflow and outflow ports are continuously monitored (Reprinted from Reingruber et al., 2007. With permission from Elsevier) (See Color Plates)... 

Mohrholz, V., Dutz, J., Kraus, G., 2006. The impact of exceptionally warm summer inflow events on the environmental conditions in the Bomhohn Basin. Journal of Marine Systems, 60, 285-301. 

An exceptional high number of Vb lows appeared in the year of 2002, leading, for example, to the century flood of Dresden, and in particular to the first observed significant baroclinic inflow of warm, highly saline water from the Kattegat into the central Baltic Sea (Feistel et al., 2003, 2004a Nausch et al., 2003 see also Chapter 10). 

In the summer of 2003, an Omega situation led to the second ever recognized important baroclinic inflow of warm saline water into the central Baltic Sea that substituted entirely the cold water of the Major Baltic Inflow of January 2003 residing there (Feistel et al., 2004b, 2006). 

Feistel, R., Nausch, G., Heene, T, Piechura, J., Hagen, E., 2004b. Evidence for a warm water inflow into the baltic proper in summer 2003. Oceanologia, 46, 581-598 http //www.iopan.gda.pl/ oceanologia/464feist.pdf. 

FIGURE 5.11 Modified scheme proposed by Albeit and Hagen (1997) for the atmospheric winter circulation over the northern Atlantic Ocean indicating two distinct modes of the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is described by the difference in sea-level air pressure ( Ap) between the Icelandic Low (7) and the Azores High (H)-. (a) I Ap (NAO) corresponds to intensified westerlies conveying warm/humid (W) air masses toward western Europe and reduced inflow of cold/dry (O Siberian air masses,(b) -Ap (NAO) corresponds to the opposite situation of (a). 

Besides MB Is, baroclinic summer inflows of exceptionally warm and saline water affect the deeper layers of the central Baltic Sea (cf. Section 10.5). Such inflows do not fulfill the criteria for MB Is (cf. Section 10.3) but can effectively influence the deep water below the halocline in the Bornholm, Gdansk, and Eastern Gotland Basins (Feistel et al., 2003c, 2004a). 

Not only major inflows of highly saline water, but also regular inflows of lower volumes of saline (also warm in summer) water below the MBI category frequently penetrate across... 

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