Wanklyn

Grateful thanks are due to Dr. W. B. Jepson, Dr. M. Pryor and Mr. J. N. Wanklyn for helpful discussions during the preparation of this Appendix. 

Conference, February 1984, Oyez Scientific and Technical Services, London Corrosion Monitoring in the Oil, Petrochemical and Process Industries , J. Wanklyn, (ed.), Proc. Conference, Oyez Scientific and Technical Services, London (1982)... 

Gibbs also showed, on the basis of some experiments of Playfair and Wanklyn, that the equation applies when p is reduced, not by decreasing the mechanical pressure on the system, but by admixture with an inert gas. (Cf. Dixon and Peterkin, Trans. Chem. Soc., 1899, p. 613.)... 

Frankland s relentless campaign for clean water made him many enemies. Sadly, a former student and assistant named James Alfred Wanklyn... 

William H. Brock. James Alfred Wanklyn. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York Scribners, 1976. Source for Wanklyn. 

About structures of lithium compounds LisMeFs we have but rare knowledge. Klemm, Brandt and Hoppe (193) report in accordance with Meyers and Cotton (225) that the x-ray-diagrams of the cobalt compound LisCoFe were of a poor quality. The polymorphism that Carton and Wanklyn (108) report of the aluminium compound LisAlFe points to a more complicated situation in this ternary fluoride. The sizes given of the unit cells do not show any simple relation to the cryolite cell. The same may be true of compounds LisMeFa of the transition metals. 

NH4, Rb) (52). According to new work of Garion and Wanklyn [107) the corresponding ternary aluminium fluorides of Lithium and Natrium show a superstructure of this type. 

Garton, G., and B. M. Wanklyn Some observations on the tetrafluoroalumi-nates of lithium and sodium. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 27. 2461 (1965). 

Alkali-metal ate compounds are among the first organometallic compounds reported. Already in 1858 the formation of a crystalline material formulated as Na[Et3Zn] , obtaiued from the reaction of metallic sodium with EtaZn, was reported by Wanklyn . It then took almost a century before the first organomagnesiate was reported. In 1951 Wittig and coworkers realized that organometallic compounds with anionic formulations, for which he coined the term ate , could be made. In this paper the formation of LilPhsMg] and other ate -type compounds from its homometallic components was described (equation 4). 

Until fairly recently, little was known of the stmcmres and properties of the organozinc compounds occurring as intermediates in varions reactions. Interestingly, the complexforming ability of organozinc componnds had already been recognized very early. In 1858, Wanklyn reported the formation of the ionic sodium triethylzinc complex. One year later, Frankland observed that the formation of dimethylzinc from methyl iodide and zinc was accelerated by the addition of dimethyl ether or diethyl ether. It appeared that separation of the dimethylzinc from the ether was impossible, bnt it lasted nntil 1962 when it was established that dimethylzinc and dimethyl ether form a 1 1 complex in solntion, which is appreciably dissociated in the vaponr phase. ... 

Organometallic compounds that exhibit Lewis acidity on the metal centre are susceptible towards nucleophilic attack by alkali metal compounds, thus forming the so-called ate compounds in which the Lewis acidic metal is often coordinatively saturated. Already in 1858 Wanklyn reported the formation of a crystalline compound formulated as [EtsZnJNa which he obtained from the reaction of diethylzinc with metallic sodium (equation l). i5. is. 

Mixed zincates R1 (R2)2ZnLi are prepared either from (R2)2Zn and R1 Li or by successive addition of R2Li (2 equiv) and R Li (1 equiv) to ZnX2. Sodium and potassium zincates are prepared from diorganozinc according to Wanklyn s procedure (equation 5)1. 

In 1862, E. C. C. Stanford proposed the carbonization of the drift-weed in closed retorts so as to recover tar and ammoniacal liquor in suitable condensers. This modification did not flourish because of the subsequent difficulties in extracting soluble iodides from the charcoal. V. Vincent (1916) claims that soln. containing aluminium sulphate extract the alkali iodides from seaweed leaving behind the organic matter which prevents the direct precipitation of iodine or iodides. The alkali iodide soln. is treated with copper sulphate for cuprous iodide, or by soln. of sulphites for iodine. M. Paraf and J. A. Wanklyn proposed to heat the drift-weed first with alkali hydroxide so as to form oxalic and acetic acids, which could be crystallized from the lixivium. The economical treatment of seaweed for iodine has been discussed by A. Puge. 

H. St. C. Deville (1863) found that when the two gases are mixed at 350°, the temp, rises to 395°, showing that probably some combination occurs. J. A. Wanklyn (1865) estimated from the observed vapour density, 29 04 at 350°, that about 17 per cent, of the gases unite to form ammonium chloride. J. C. G. de Marignac (1868) noticed that the heat absorbed in the sublimation of ammonium chloride is much greater than that usually observed with other substances, and is almost eq. to the heat of decomposition of the salt in question, and hence concludes It is very probable that sal ammoniac—in great part at least—is decomposed on volatilization. ... 

Many organocadmium compounds are known but few have been of commercial importance. Wanklyn first isolated diethyl cadmium in 1856. The properties of this and other dialkylcadmiums are listed in Table 4. In general, these materials are prepared by reaction of an anhydrous cadmium halide with a Grignard or alkyUithium reagent followed by distillation of the volatile material in an inert atmosphere or in vacuo. Only the liquid dimethyl compound is reasonably stable and then only when stored in a sealed tube. Dimethylcadmium is mildly pyrophoric in air and produces dense clouds of white, then brown, cadmium oxide smoke, which is highly toxic if breathed (45). When dropped into water, the liquid sinks in large droplets that decompose with a series of small explosive jerks and pops. For this reason, and particularly because of the low thermal stability, most dialkylcadmium materials are prepared and used in situ without separation, eg, in the conversion of acid chlorides to speciality ketones (qv) ... 

Wanklyn and Robinson, Proc. Roy. Soc.., 1863, 12, 507. For a table of the proportions of concentrated, acid and water necessary to give an acid of any required specific gravity, see Anthon, J. prakt. Ohem., 1836, 7, 70. 

SCHORIG1N (or Shorygin) REACTION. Organometallic reactions of the Grignard type, employing sodium in place of magnesium the reaction of alkyl sodium compounds with carbon dioxide to give monobasic acids is sometimes known as the Wanklyn reaction. 

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