W-SMR

W-SMR (Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor Westinghouse) EM (Energy Multiplier Module General Atomics) PFBR (Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor India)... 

LW-SMRs can be considered in the category of Generation III+ (Gen-III+). Some of the LW-SMRs, such as Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor (W-SMR), have inherited some safety features of licensed Gen-III+ reactors, such as the APIOOO, which is the hcensed commercial design. LW-SMRs generally use integrated RXs, which envelop the core, steam generator (SG), the pump, and the pressurizer (PRZ). 

Only W-SMR and mPower use internal control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) among LW-SMRs. This new design of CRDM eliminates the CRDM penetrations from the top of the RV to the core region. In addition, this new design provides free volume in the PRZ, upper plenum (UP), and in the riser of the RX. In addition, it not only simplifies the internal design of the reactor, but also decreases the pressure drop of the coolant and eliminates the maintenance of the penetrations including slaves, forging, etc. 

Figure 20.13 Containment of W-SMR (Carelli et al., 2004 NRC, 2014a). ADS, automatic depressurization system CMT, core makeup tank RX, reactor.

W-SMR employs several safety tanks to remove the decay heat at least 7 days, as summarized in Table 20.5 and shown in Fig. 20.19. 

Figure 20.19 ECCS of W-SMR (Matzie, 2015 NRC, 2014a). IRC, inside reactor containment VHS, ultimate heat sink HX, heat exchanger RX, reactor ADS, automatic depressurization...

Internal CRDM designs of NuScale and W-SMR eliminate the CRDM penetrations from top of the vessel (RV) to the core region. It also provides free volume in PRZ, UP, and in the riser of the RV. Since internal CRDM does not occupy space in the UP and PRZ in integrated RX, pressure drop due to friction on corresponding internals for CRDM decreases. This will yield to improve the flow distribution in RX. 

Growth of Seedlings. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Wisconsin SMR-IS) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr., cv. Wayne) were grown in vermiculite and watered daily in a controlled environment chamber (26 2 C day, 21 2 C night) on a 12 hr photoperiod (eight 30-W cool-white fluorescent tubes plus four 25-W incandescent bulbs 200+foot-candles). The balanced nutrient solution of Frick and Mohr (H9), modified to include 1 g/1 Ca(N03)2 but without sucrose, succinic acid and kinetin, was applied on alternate days. 

Sweeney et al. (1986) studied mortality among 2510 male chemical workers in the United States, followed from 1952 to 1977. Potential exposures included tetraethyl lead (lARC, 1987b), ethylene dibromide (see this volume), 1,2-dichloroethane, inorganic lead (lARC, 1987b) and vinyl chloride monomer (lARC, 1987c). There were 156 deaths (SMR, 0.7) and 38 cancer deaths (SMR, 1.0) observed. There were excesses of cancer of the larynx (SMR, 3.6 90% CI, 0.7-11.5, based on 2 cases) and brain (SMR, 2.1 90% CI, 0.7-4.9, based on 4 cases). The SMR for all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers w as 0.9 (90% CI, 0.3-1.9, based on 4 cases). Levels of exposure were not reported, but a NIOSH surv ey in 1980 found levels of exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane to be below the recommended NIOSH standard, while lead exposures were elevated. It was not possible to link mortality to any particular chemical exposure. 

Rodriguez SMR, Galvez JB, Rubio MIM, Ibanez PF, Gemjak W,Alberola IO.Treatment of chlorinated solvents by Ti02 photocatalysis and photo-Fenton influence of operating conditions in a solar pilot plant. Chemosphere 2005 58 391-8. 

Even though further detailed energy analysis and measurements of actual temperature distribution in the membrane are required, the joule heat caused by oxygen permeation (8.4 W) appears to be originating from AG of reforming reactions and returns to the system to be used as a part of heat required for POX and SMR reactions [11]. 

P Palaeosol horizons Palaeosols on sand (Ps) palaeosols on silts and clays (Psc) silt and clays w/rhizocretions (Fr) massive sand w/rhizocretions (Smr) Tabular to discontinuous and patchy 0.1-1 m thick 0.1 to > 1 km lateral extent Muds, silts, very fine to medium silty and clayey sand/sandstones Nodular, platy and rod concretions, and type 2 and type 3 (vadose) tabular units... 

Ludwig K, Enker WE, Delaney CP, WolffBG, Du W, Fort JG, Cherubini M, Cucinotta J, Techner L. Gastrointestinal tract recovery in patients undergoing bowel resection. Arch SMr 2008 143(ll) 1098-1105. 

Setting aside for the moment the inevitable variability in design detail and in implementation, we can conveniently group the various Generation IV (Gen IV), SMR, and AR concepts simply according to the medium utilized and needed for cooling the primary reactor. These three media are water (Class W water reactors), gas (Class G gas reactors), and liquid metal or salt (Class L liquid metal/salt... 

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