Vulpes

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) uses a chemical communication system based on scent marks in urine. Recent work has shown one component of fox urine to be a sulfide. Mass spectral analysis of the pure scent-mark component shows M+ = 116. IR spectroscopy shows an intense band at 890 cm-1, and H NMR spectroscopy reveals the following peaks ... 

In comparison to the situation in birds, there is far less evidence of dieldrin having had harmful effects in the field in mammals. It has been suggested that this is a reflection of the fact that mammals tend to be more reclusive and therefore more difficult to observe, catch, or count (Shore and Rattner 2001). That said, at the time when cyclodienes were widely used in Western Europe and North America, there were a fair number of reports of mammals being poisoned by them on agricultural land. Such animals included predators such as the fox (Vulpes vulpes) and badger (Meles meles), which had evidently acquired lethal doses from their prey. 

Haephaestin (Vulpe et al., 1999) basolateral membrane ferroxidase activity Vulpe et al, 1999) sex-linked anemia transfer... 

Mirex concentrations in muscle and liver of mammalian wildlife in Alabama and Georgia during the period 1973 to 1976 from reference areas were always less than 0.04 mg mirex/kg FW in muscle and less than 0.07 mg/kg FW in liver (Hill and Dent 1985). In mirex-treated areas, conspecifics were collected up to 2 years posttreatment. Maximum concentrations of mirex in muscle and liver from mirex-treated areas were always less than 1.0 mg/kg FW in raccoons, bobcats (Lynx rufus), mink (Mustela vison), and foxes (Urocyon sp., Vulpes sp.). Higher concentrations of 3.7 mg/kg FW in muscle and 1.1 mg/kg FW in liver were measured in the river otter (Lutra... 

Red fox, Vulpes vulpes muscle fat Germany, 1983 vs. 1991 maximum values ... 

Mcllroy, J.C. and D.R. King. 1990. Appropriate amount of 1080 poison in baits to control foxes, Vulpes vulpes. Austral. Wildl. Res. 17 11-13. 

Lowe, V.P.W. and A.D. Horrill. 1991. Caesium concentration factors in wild herbivores and the fox (Vulpes vulpes L). Environ. Pollut. 70 93-107. 

Albone, E.S. and Perry, G.C. (1975) Anal sac secretion of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes volatile fatty acids and diamines Implications for a fermentation hypothesis of chemical recognition. J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 101-111. 

Red fox, Vulpes vulpes Unfamiliar Eutherian predator No sympatry8 22.9 2.27 CSIRO... 

Bacterial activity has been shown to be responsible for volatile organic compounds in, among many others, the exocrine secretions of beavers (see above), the anal sacs of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and Hon, Panthera leo [85], and the inguinal pouch of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus [86]. No bacteria were, however, found in the anal gland of the European mole, T. europaea [87]. 

BAILEY, S., BUNYAN, P.J. and PAGE, J.M. J. (1980). Variation in the levels of some components of the volatile fraction of urine of captive red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and its relationship to the state of the animals. Chemical Signals Vertebrates and Aquatic Invertebrates (ed. D.Mii ller-Schwarze and R.M.Silverstein) Plenum Press, New York, 391 103. 

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