Volume percent , expression

The relative amount of a constituent in a sample is expressed as its concentration. There are many ways to express concentration, the most common of which are molarity, weight percent, volume percent, weight-to-volume percent, parts per million, and parts per billion. Concentrations also can be expressed using p-functions. 

Cjt = stoichiometric composition of combustionable vapor in air, expressed as a volume percent. 

Qt = stoichiometric composition of combustible vapor in air expressed as a volume percent Co = sonic flow discharge orifice constant, varying VvTth Reynolds number... 

If a given volume percent for each compartment is assumed, the partition expressions must be written in terms of volumes by considering densities (p) of the media. Soil and sediment are assumed to have particle density of 2.5 g/cc. Water and fish are assumed to have density of 1 g/cc. Air is already expressed on volume basis. 

B Expression (6.17) indicates that, in a mixture of gases, the mole percent equals the volume percent, which in turn equals the pressure percent. Thus, we can apply these volume percents converted to fractions by dividing by 100—directly to the total pressure. 

Expression 6-15 is derived by realizing that on the oxygen axis no nitrogen is present. Thus the moles present are fuel (1 mole) plus oxygen (z moles). The total moles are thus 1 + z, and the mole or volume percent of oxygen is given by expression 6-15. 

Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC) Below the limiting oxygen concentration it is not possible to support combustion, independent of the fuel concentration. The LOC is expressed in units of volume percent of oxygen. The LOC is dependent on the pressure and temperature, and on the inert gas. Table 23-1 lists a number of LOCs, and it shows that the LOC changes if carbon dioxide is the inert gas instead of nitrogen. 

One common way of expressing the relative amount of solute and solvent is through percentage, amount per hundred. There are three ways that we may express this percentage mass percent, mass/volume percent, and volume/volume percent. 

The mass/volume percent of a solution is the mass of the solute divided by the volume of the solution, multiplied by 100% to yield percentage. The volume of the solution is generally expressed in milliliters. 

The yields for the various products were given as a function of the properties of the feedstocks and the volume percent conversion. The feedstock properties are the feed sulfur content expressed as a weight percent, the feed API and Watson characterization factor, K. The API is related to specific gravity by the following equation ... 

Figure 6.11 The LELs of (a) paraffins and (b) alcohols, expressed in volume percent and in weight percent.

Table 2 50% Lethal Dose (LD50) Values Expressed as Total Volume Percents of Various Cosolvents, with or Without Various Levels of NaCl, for Lysis of Erythrocytes...

A common form of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is 95 wt% this expression means 95 g of ethanol per 100 g of total solution. The remainder is water. Volume percent (vol%) is defined as... 

A hematocrit is a tube calibrated to facilitate determination of the volume of erythrocytes (red cells) in centrifuged, oxalated blood, expressed as corpuscular volume percent,... 

Results. The results of a typical series of experiments are given below. The total composition of the mixture was 24% H2, 38% 02, 38% N2, p0 = 200 mm. N02 denotes the initial nitric oxide concentration (before the explosion) NOfc—the final concentration (after the explosion) NO0 and NO, are expressed in mm Hg at 290°K the values in volume percent are obtained simply by dividing by 2. 

This equation states that the percentage increase in viscosity of a sus-pensoid is constant for a constant increase in the volume percent of the solid. If this increase is taken to equal unity (02 — 0i = 1), an expression is obtained which evaluates the percentage change in viscosity for a one percent increase in the volume percent of the solid. Traxler et al state that this expression is a quantitative index of the stabilizing ability of a solid that is... 

Chemists often express the concentration of an unsaturated solution as the mass of solute dissolved per volume of the solution. This is different from solubility. It is usually expressed as a percent relationship. A mass/volume percent gives the mass of solute dissolved in a volume of solution, expressed as a percent. The mass/volume percent is also referred to as the percent (m/v). 

You need to calculate the concentration of the solution, in grams of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution. Then you need to express this concentration as a mass/volume percent. 

When mixing two liquids to form a solution, it is easier to measure their volumes than their masses. A volume/volume percent gives the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution, expressed as a percent. The volume/volume percent is also referred to as the volume percent concentration, volume percent, percent (v/v), or the percent by volume. You can see this type of concentration on a bottle of rubbing alcohol from a drugstore. (See Figure 8.17.)... 

The concentration of this solution of isopropyl alcohol in water is expressed as a volume/volume percent. 

You have learned about several different ways in which chemists express concentration mass/volume, mass/mass, and volume/volume percent parts per million and parts per billion and molar concentration. The Concept Organizer above summarizes what you have learned in this chapter so far. 

Flammability limits. The range of flammable vapor-air or gas-air mixtures between the upper and lower flammable limits. Flammability limits are usually expressed in volume percent. Flammability limits are affected by pressure, temperature, direction of flame propagation, oxygen content, type of inerts, and other factors. The precise values depend on the test method. 

Specifically, if the density is known for the fresh and the altered rocks, fresh and altered composition can be expressed on a volume percent basis, and fluxes are calculated relative to a constant volume. This method was evaluated at sites 417 and 418 and shown to produce almost identical results as the constant titanium assumption (Staudigel et al., 1996). 

Figure 17 shows the amount of grafted PVFA on the VTS-silica particles as function of the initial VFA concentration (expressed as volume percent in the reaction mixture). As can be seen in Fig. 17, the largest amount of grafted PVFA can be achieved from reaction mixtures containing 24 vol-% VFA. If the volume fraction of VFA is increased a large increase in the viscosity of... 

When the solution and solvent are both Hquids, as in alcohol solutions, the concentration of such a solution is frequently expressed in terms of volume per volume (vol/vol). By adding 70 mi of alcohol to a flask and mixing it to 100 mL with water, a solution whose concentration is 700mL/L would be achieved. The expression 700mL/L is preferred to the alternatives of 70 volumes percent or 70% (vol/vol). 

---