Volatile organic compounds toluene

Toluene is used as a solvent for the application of surface coatings. The solvents evaporate as a result of the application, creating a problem with for the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The legislative framework for the emission of VOCs requires that the mass load of VOC emissions allowed to be released to atmosphere should be less than 60%... 

Dohanyosova, P., Fenclova, D., Vrbka, P., Dohnal, V. (2001) Measurement of aqueous solubility of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds by solute vapor absorption technique toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, and butylbenzene at temperatures from 273 K to 328 K../. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1533-1539. 

DeVOx A catalytic oxidation process for destroying volatile organic compounds in effluent gases. The catalyst contains a non-noble metal and can easily be regenerated. Typical operating temperatures for 95 percent VOC conversion are 175 to 225°C for oxygenates, and 350°C for toluene. Developed in 1995 by Shell, Stork Comprimo, and CRI Catalysts. First installed in 1996 at Shell Nederland Chemie s styrene butadiene rubber facility at Pemis. 

Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission rate of toluene was 158 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of toluene were not measured during the combustion of oak and eucalyptus. 

The technology developer claims that the air strippers can treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes. According to the developer, the technology can also treat organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuel/gasoline hydrocarbons, and degreasers. 

VESTRIP is a system designed for the in situ treatment of soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and other contaminants that are amenable to soil vapor extraction (SVE). The vendor, Ejector Systems, Inc. (ESI) has combined the key components of SVE systems with an air stripper to form a product that performs the functions of both. The name, VESTRIP, is a contraction of VES (vapor extraction system) and air stripping. 

The vendor claims that this technology can break down groundwater contaminants including the following toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fuel hydrocarbons and cyanides in industrial wastes. It can also destroy pathogenic organisms. 

NEPCCO SoilPurge soil vapor extraction systems are noncontacting, oil-free, explosion-proof vacuum systems designed to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil in situ. According to the vendor, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), chlorinated solvents and other hydrocarbons can be treated with SoilPurge systems. The technology can also remove radon from soil. 

Researchers believe that the PSVE technology can be used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Some chemicals treated with PSVE include carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride (VC), chlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloroethene (DCE), trichloroethane (TCA), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). 

Phytoremediation was estimated to cost approximately 3500/kg of waste treated at a site contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) chlorinated solvents and other volatile organic compounds. Total savings associated with using phytoremediation at the site instead of conventional pump-and-treat strategies were estimated to be 13 million over the course of the project (D186678, p. 29). 

Steam injection and vacuum extraction (SIVE) is a patented, commercially available in situ technology. SIVE has been used to remove non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), diesel fuel, jet fuel, semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (SVOCs and VOCs), chlorinated solvents, acetone, and benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from soil and ground-water. 

ESTD, ex situ thermal desorption VOCs, volatile organic compounds TPH, total petroleum hydrocarbons BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ISTD, in situ thermal desorption. 

IC can also be used in detection of some acids. Zhao et al. [25] proposed a simple and eco-friendly ion chromatographic method for the determination of Hippuric acid (HA) in human urine (see Figure 12). Hippuric acid is a kind of metabolite of toluene in human body, therefore, HA is a physiological component of human urine if toluene was inhaled. The content of HA in human urine actually is confirmed as a diagnostic marker of exposure to toluene [26]. It has been reported that exposure to high concentrations of volatile organic compounds such as... 

A flow-type photochemical reaction system (Fig. 8.4) was developed for studying toluene photochemical reactions in the presence of Ti02 with/without 02, H20 or NO, because toluene is the most abundant volatile organic compound in air, and Ti02 has such a remarkable photocatalytic activity as mentioned above and is present in airborne and soil particles at an order of about 1 %. 

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