Alpha-tocopherol Vitamin

First identified Spice included fatty acids (linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleamide), plant-derivate products (thymol, vanillin), preservatives (paraben family), and vitamins (alpha-tocopherol) [21-24]. Modem Spice products contain only synthetic cannabinoids and plant-derivate substances explaining by home-made manufacturing. 

The term vitamin E describes a family of eight antioxidants, four tocopherols, alpha (a), beta ((3), gamma (y) and delta (8), and four tocotrienols (also a, (3, y, and 8). a-Tocopherol is present in nature in only one form, RRR a-tocopherol. The chemical synthesis of a-tocopherol results in eight different forms (SRR, SSR, SRS, SSS, RSR, RRS, RSS, RRR), only one of which is RRR a-tocopherol. These forms differ in that they can be right (R) or left (S) at three different places in the a-tocopherol molecule. RRR a-tocopherol is the only form of vitamin E that is actively maintained in the human body and is therefore the form of vitamin E found in the largest quantities in the blood and tissue. A protein synthesized in the liver (a-TTP alpha-tocopherol transfer protein) preferentially selects the natural form of vitamin E (RRR a-tocopherol) for distribution to the tissues. However, the mechanisms for the regulation of vitamin E in tissues are not known... 

Eberlein-Konig B, Placzek M, Pryzbilla B (1998) Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol 38 45-48... 

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL BETA-CAROTENE (ATBC) CANCER PREVENTION STUDY GROUP (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers , New Engl J Med, 330, 1029. 

Nonaqueous Systems In nonaqueous (nonpolar) solvent systems, nitrosatlon also proceeds. In these solvents, alpha-tocopherol acts as a lipid soluble blocking agent in much the same fashion as ascorbic acid functions in the aqueous phase. Alpha-tocopherol reacts with a nitrosating agent and reduces it to nitric oxide. At the same time, alpha-tocopherol is oxidized to tocoquinone, which is the first oxidation product of vitamin E and also a normal metabolite in vivo. 

Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol are effective blocking agents against N-nitroso compound formation. Ascorbic acid is effective particularly in aqueous media, and tocopherol effective particularly in lipid phases. They should be used in conjunction due to the mutually complementary actions of the two vitamins in blocking nitrosamine formation in both aqueous and lipid media. 

Mardones, P and Rigotti, A, 2004. Cellular mechanisms of vitamin E uptake Relevance in alpha-tocopherol metabolism and potential implications for disease. J Nutr Biochem 15, 252-260. 

Reboul, E, Thap, S, Perrot, E, Amiot, MJ, Lairon, D, and Borel, P, 2007a. Effect of the main dietary antioxidants (carotenoids, gamma-tocopherol, polyphenols, and vitamin C) on alpha-tocopherol absorption. Eur J Clin Nutr 61, 1167-1173. 

Salamanca R. (1997). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in Alzheimer s disease. J Neural Transm. 104(6-7) 703-10. 

Vitamin E may be indicated in some rare forms of anemia such as macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia observed in children with severe malnutrition and the hemolytic anemia seen in premature infants on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also anemia s in malabsorption syndromes have shown to be responsive to vitamin E treatment. Finally, hemolysis in patients with the acanthocytosis syndrome, a rare genetic disorder where there is a lack of plasma jS-lipoprotein and consequently no circulating alpha tocopherol, responds to vitamin E treatment. In neonates requiring oxygen therapy vitamin E has been used for its antioxidant properties to prevent the development retrolental fibroplasia. It should be noted that high dose vitamin E supplements are associated with an increased risk in allcause mortality. 

Avunduk, and L. Kurnaz. Cadmium and iron accumulation in rat lens after cigarette smoke exposure and the effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) treatment. Curr Eye Res 1999 18(6) 403-407. 

Mix the vitamins with Cremophor RH 40 (and DL-alpha-tocopherol, if used) at 60°C. 

Vitamin E is not recommended for the prevention of chronic disease, such as coronary heart disease or cancer. Clinical trials using vita min E supplementation have been uniformly disappointing. For example, subjects in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study trial who received high doses of vitamin E, not only lacked cadiovascular benefit but also had an increased inci dence of stroke. 

Milk contains some important vitamins. The vitamin D content niav vary from. 10 I.U. per quart in summer to 6 in winter, depending upon the Iced and the sunlight which reach the cow. Both pasteurized and evaporated milk are often fortified by the addition, on a fluid basis, of 400 I.U. of vitamin D per quart. Vitamins A. D, and F. (alpha-tocopherol) are fal-soluble and stable at the heat treatments used in processing milk and milk products. The remaining stlamlns arc water-soluble and of varying stability Vitamins B,... 

VITAMIN E. Sometimes referred to as the antisterility vitamin, factor X (an earlier designation), chemically vitamin F is alpha-tocopherol, the structure of which is ... 

Urano, S., Kitahara, M., Kato, Y., Hasegawa, Y., and Matsuo, M. (1990). Membrane stabilizing effect of Vitamin E existence of a hydrogen bond between alpha-tocopherol and phospholipids in bilayer membranesJ. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 36, 513-519. 

Diplock AT, Green J, Bunyan J, et al. 1967. Vitamin E and stress. 3. The metabolism of D-alpha-tocopherol in the rat under dietary stress with silver. Br J Nutr 21 115-125. 

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is still perhaps the least understood of all the body s vitamins in terms of its biological actions. This is despite abundant experimentation and numerous clinical studies spanning over 60 years. In some respects, the paucity of information has fuelled a continuing interest in vitamin E, but this gap in established scientific knowledge has also generated many speculative biological roles and doubtful potential therapeutic applications. 

Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis. The Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation 2002 106 1453-1459. 

Anstey, A.V., Systemic photoprotection with alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and beta-carotene, Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 27, 170, 2002. 

Urano, S. etal., Membrane stabilization of vitamin E interactions of alpha-tocopherol with phospholipids in bilayer liposomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 146, 1413, 1987. 

Erin, A.N. et al., Stabilization of synaptic membranes by alpha-tocopherol against the damaging action of phospholipases. Possible mechanism of biological action of vitamin E, Brain Res., 398, 85, 1986. 

Burton, G.W. et al., Eluman plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 67, 669, 1998. 

DL-a-Tocopheryl Acetate Vitamin E Acetate DL-alpha-Tocopherol Acetate... 

Barak Y, Swartz M, Shamir E, Stein D, Weizman A. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia a statistical meta-analysis. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1998 10(3) 101-5. 

Kadioglu, Y. Demirkaya, F. Demirkaya, A.K. 2009. Quantitative determination of underivatized alpha-tocopherol in cow milk, vitamin and multivitamin drugs by GC-FID. Chromatographia 70 665-670. 

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